assessment of neuroinflammatory cytokines in different stages of ovine natural prion disease.

Introduction: According to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis, a cytokine-mediated host innate immune response may be involved in the mechanisms that contribute to the process of neurodegeneration. Specifically, regarding prion diseases, some experimental murine models have evidenced an altered profile of inflammatory intermediaries. However, the local inflammatory response has rarely been assessed, and never in tissues from different natural models throughout the progression of neurodegeneration.

Enteric Nervous System and Its Relationship with Neurological Diseases.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a fundamental component of the gastrointestinal system, composed of a vast network of neurons and glial cells. It operates autonomously but is interconnected with the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve. This communication, known as the gut-brain axis, influences the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut.

Applying a Primary Health Care Approach to Closing the Human Resource for Health Gaps for Immunization.

This perspective is focused on the evidence on human resources for health (HRH) solutions for immunization, as a part of a primary health care (PHC) approach.. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and 50 years since the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) clocks 50 years since its inception.

Long-term safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment in chronic migraine patients: a five-year retrospective study.

Background: Real-world studies have shown the sustained therapeutic effect and favourable safety profile of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA) in the long term and up to 4 years of treatment in chronic migraine (CM). This study aims to assess the safety profile and efficacy of BoNTA in CM after 5 years of treatment in a real-life setting.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with CM in relation to BoNTA treatment for more than 5 years in 19 Spanish headache clinics.

Factors Involved in the Immunological Protection against Rabies Virus in Dogs in Spain.

Rabies, a viral disease spread by infected animal bites that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals, is a neglected infectious disease present on all continents except Antarctica. Spain has been free of terrestrial rabies since 1978. However, due to its geographical situation, it represents a bridge for imported cases from an endemic continent such as Africa to Europe.