TNF signaling maintains local restriction of bacterial founder populations in intestinal and systemic sites during oral infection.

Enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens are responsible for an enormous worldwide disease burden that critically affects the young and immunocompromised. is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen, closely related to the plague agent , that colonizes intestinal tissues, induces the formation of pyogranulomas along the intestinal tract, and disseminates to systemic organs following oral infection of experimental rodents. Prior studies proposed that systemic tissues were colonized by a pool of intestinal replicating bacteria distinct from populations within Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.

An Analysis of Costs in the Year Before and After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Introduction: While insurance claims database studies have reported on costs before total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the cost-efficacy of nonoperative treatment remains unclear in patients who eventually undergo TKA. Furthermore, we hypothesized that patients undergoing primary TKA would have lower costs in the year following surgery than if patients continued nonoperative treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the costs of various nonoperative treatment modalities in the year before and following primary TKA.

Factors Affecting Gastroenterologists' Fear When Performing Endoscopies during the COVID Pandemic: Results of a US National Survey.

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the practice of gastroenterology. Endoscopic procedures are aerosolizing procedures that carry the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Our national survey examined factors affecting gastroenterologists' fear of contracting COVID-19 during endoscopy.

Murine norovirus allosteric escape mutants mimic gut activation.

Murine norovirus (MNV) undergoes large conformational changes in response to the environment. The T=3 icosahedral capsid is composed of 180 copies of ~58 kDa VP1 that has N-terminal (N), shell (S) and C-terminal protruding (P) domains. In phosphate buffered saline, the P domains are loosely tethered to the shell and float ~15Å above the surface.

Addressing the High and Rising Global Burden of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH): From the Growing Prevalence to Payors' Perspective.

Background: The continuum of metabolic syndrome encompasses a spectrum of dysfunctions impacting obesity-linked insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory immune responses. The global prevalence of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, chronic liver disease, cardiometabolic disease and kidney disease, has surged in recent decades, contributing significantly to population mortality. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide.