The Feasibility of Virtual Reality and Student-Led Simulation Training as Methods of Lumbar Puncture Instruction.

Background: There is limited data assessing simulation and virtual reality training as a standardized tool in medical education. This feasibility study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality training and a student-led simulation module in preparing medical students to perform a lumbar puncture.

Methods: Twenty-five medical students completed a pre-intervention survey, and a baseline video recorded lumbar puncture procedure on a task trainer.

History of biotechnology in Austria.

Austria has contributed significantly to the progress of the biotechnologies in the past and is actively engaged in doing so today. This review describes the early history of biotechnology in Austria, beginning with the Vienna process of baker's yeast manufacture in 1846, up to the achievements of the 20th century, e.g.

Characterization and regulatory properties of a single hexokinase from the citric acid accumulating fungus Aspergillus niger.

A single glucose-phosphorylating enzyme has been detected and purified from the citric acid accumulating fungus Aspergillus niger. The enzyme was formed constitutively, and high activities were formed on glucose and sucrose as carbon sources. Highest activities were formed during growth on high concentrations of glucose or sucrose.

Purification and properties of penicillin acylase of Bovista plumbea.

1. A penicillin acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.