Fist fighting and increased mortality post-retirement among National Hockey League players.

Objective: Fist fighting among hockey players is thought to have long-term impacts on health. Because of methodological concerns of previous studies, we undertook a retrospective cohort study among retired National Hockey League (NHL) players to estimate rates of all-cause mortality according to the cumulative number of fights in their careers.

Methods: The cohort comprised male hockey players, excluding goaltenders, who played in the NHL from 1967 to 2022.

Perioperative Antidepressant Use is Associated with Symptomatic Pseudarthrosis after Lumbar Fusion.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Objective: To explore the relationship between symptomatic pseudoarthrosis requiring revision after lumbar fusion and antidepressant use.

Summary Of Background Data: Approximately 25% of patients undergoing spine surgery are taking antidepressants.

A translocation-competent pore is required for to escape from the double membrane vacuole during intercellular spread.

Unlabelled: Type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs) enable bacterial virulence by translocating virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells. require T3SS to invade and to spread between cells in the colon. In order to spread, forms membrane protrusions that push into the adjacent host cell.