Coordinated Synthesis of Pigments Differing in Side Chain Length in and Investigation of Pigments and Citrinin Relation.

The fungi have traditionally been used in Asia for food coloring. Unfortunately, the most well-known species, , very often produce mycotoxin citrinin in addition to pigments, which poses a significant problem for the use of pigments in foods. There is a step in pigment biosynthesis where a side chain of five or seven carbons is attached to the tetraketide, the product of polyketide synthase, resulting in the formation of pigments in pairs.

Deciphering miRNA signatures in axial spondyloarthritis: The link between miRNA-1-3p and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Early detection of axSpA is crucial to slow disease progression and maintain remission or low disease activity. However, current biomarkers are insufficient for diagnosing axSpA or distinguishing between its radiographic (r-axSpA) and non-radiographic (nr-axSpA) subsets.

Application of fed-batch strategy to fully eliminate the negative effect of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors in ABE fermentation.

Background: Inhibitors that are released from lignocellulose biomass during its treatment represent one of the major bottlenecks hindering its massive utilization in the biotechnological production of chemicals. This study demonstrates that negative effect of inhibitors can be mitigated by proper feeding strategy. Both, crude undetoxified lignocellulose hydrolysate and complex medium supplemented with corresponding inhibitors were tested in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598 as the producer strain.

Screening Antibacterial Photodynamic Effect of Monascus Red Yeast Rice (Hong-Qu) and Mycelium Extracts.

The fungus Monascus is a well-known source of secondary metabolites with interesting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In particular, Monascus pigments possess a wide range of biological activities (e.g.

In vitro osteoclastogenesis in autoimmune diseases - Strengths and pitfalls of a tool for studying pathological bone resorption and other disease characteristics.

Osteoclasts play a critical role in bone pathology frequently associated with autoimmune diseases. Studying the etiopathogenesis of these diseases and their clinical manifestations can involve osteoclastogenesis, an experimental technique that utilizes osteoclast precursors that are relatively easily accessible from peripheral blood or synovial fluid. However, the increasing number of methodical options to study osteoclastogenesis poses challenges in translating findings to clinical research and practice.