Evaluation of a New Environmental Sampling Protocol for Detection of Human Norovirus on Inanimate Surfaces.

Inanimate surfaces are regarded as key vehicles for the spread of human norovirus during outbreaks. ISO method 15216 involves the use of cotton swabs for environmental sampling from food surfaces and fomites for the detection of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII. We evaluated the effects of the virus drying time (1, 8, 24, or 48 h), swab material (cotton, polyester, rayon, macrofoam, or an antistatic wipe), surface (stainless steel or a toilet seat), and area of the swabbed surface (25.

Prognostic value of some parameters of cellular immunity in breast cancer patients.

In 45 histologically verified breast cancer patients the cell-mediated immune responses were tested prior to surgical therapy. The cell immunity was assessed by the percentage of T and active T-lymphocytes and by measuring the lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Disease-free interval was longer and the mortality after 3, 5 and 8-year follow-up significantly lower in the group of patients with the normal number of T and active T-lymphocytes than in the group of patients with the lower number of those cells.