The Effects of Race and Socioeconomics on the Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Birth Outcomes: An Analysis of Southern US PRAMS data.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Uncontrolled GDM increases the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes for both the pregnant individual and the infant. African Americans (AAs) have higher maternal morbidity and infant mortality rates than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs).

Infant sleep behaviors relate to their later cognitive and language abilities and morning cortisol stress hormone levels.

This longitudinal study examined parents' perceptions of infant sleep behaviors in relation to cognitive and language development, and infants' stress hormone (cortisol) levels. Infants were recruited and assessed at 8 months and then again 6 months later at 14 months. At both times, parents reported on infants' home sleep environment and sleep behaviors; the infants' childcare classroom teachers completed standardized questionnaires on the children's cognitive and language development skills; and researchers collected numerous saliva samples from infants at both times to assay cortisol stress hormone levels.

The Prenatal Rating of Efficacy in Preparation to Breastfeed Scale: A New Measurement Instrument for Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-efficacy.

Background:: Breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding intention are two modifiable factors that influence rates of breastfeeding initiation.

Research Aims:: (1) To develop a scale to measure prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and (2) test its psychometric properties by determining the internal consistency and reliability, and (3) assess the relationships between prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding intention.

Methods:: Cross-sectional prospective one-group survey design was used.