Anticipatory postural adjustments are modulated by substantia nigra stimulation in people with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait.

Background: A precise understanding of the neuronal circuits involved in the control of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) for gait initiation is missing. Neurostimulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) provides a method of modulating APAs to gain insight into the underlying circuitry.

Objective: Our objective was to investigate if APA kinematics for step initiation could be modulated by high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in people with PD and freezing of gait (FoG).

Effects of Subthalamic and Nigral Stimulation on Gait Kinematics in Parkinson's Disease.

Conventional subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease (PD) presumably modulates the spatial component of gait. However, temporal dysregulation of gait is one of the factors that is tightly associated with freezing of gait (FOG). Temporal locomotor integration may be modulated differentially at distinct levels of the basal ganglia.

A multimethod evaluation of the MMPI in a chronic pain patient sample.

Previous reports on the use of the MMPI with chronic pain patients have produced a variety of results. No single configural feature or scale identifies the chronic pain patient, regardless of the origin or verifiability of the etiology of the pain. Elevations on the neurotic triad occur frequently, but do not have the specificity of more recently reported chronic-pain subtypes on the MMPI.

"Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease". A rejoinder.

The pain-prone disorder as a discrete psychobiological entity was defined on the basis of clinical evaluation, including observation of characteristic premorbid traits, psychological testing, inferred psychodynamic characteristics, a particular family history, and biological markers such as response to antidepressant medication. It is discussed in relation to the complaints of pain found in patients diagnosed primarily as depressive. The points made in the article by Turk and Salovey (J.