Electrochemical Reduction of O in Ca -Containing DMSO: Role of Roughness and Single Crystal Structure.

In this study, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in Ca -containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at well-ordered and rough electrode surfaces is compared by using cyclic voltammetry, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, rotating ring disk electrode, and atomic force microscopy measurements. Slightly soluble CaO is the main product during early ORR on gold electrodes; after completion of a monolayer of CaO and/or CaO , which is formed in parallel and in competition to the peroxide, only superoxide is formed. When the monolayer is completely closed on smooth annealed Au, no further reduction occurs, whereas on rough Au a defect-rich layer allows for continuous formation of superoxide.

[Impact of the experience of urological senior physicians in Germany on professional and personal aspects].

Background: Urological senior physicians in Germany are a heterogeneous group with various clinical priorities and career objectives. To date, there are no reliable data concerning the impact of the time span for which senior physicians have been holding their position on professional, personal and position-linked aspects.

Material And Methods: The objective of this study was a comparative analysis of perspectives, private and professional settings, specific job-related activities and individual professional goals of urological senior physicians in Germany based on their experience in this position assessed as number of years (dichotomised at 8 years as senior physician).