Circulation of Species and Their Exposure to Humans through .

Human babesiosis in Europe has been attributed to infection with and, to a lesser extent, with and which are all transmitted to humans through a bite of . These species circulate in the Netherlands, but autochthonous human babesiosis cases have not been reported so far. To gain more insight into the natural sources of these species, their presence in reservoir hosts and in was examined.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks.

Background: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is currently regarded as a single species. However, molecular studies indicate that it can be subdivided into ecotypes, each with distinct but overlapping transmission cycle. Here, we evaluate the interactions between and within clusters of haplotypes of the bacterium isolated from vertebrates and ticks, using phylogenetic and network-based methods.

A case report of lameness in two dairy goat herds; a suspected combination of nutritional factors concurrent with treponeme infection.

Background: Two dairy goat farms with high level of lameness in lactating animals were presented for further investigation. Farm 1 and Farm 2 presented with 37 and 67% morbidity, respectively. Both farms had an all year round indoor system, feeding ad libitum concentrate with forage available at all times.

Association of treponeme species with atypical foot lesions in goats.

Five UK goat farms with high levels of lameness (prevalence 14-67 per cent) were investigated. On two farms (farms 1 and 2), the animals presented with typical footrot lesions. The remaining three farms (farms 3, 4 and 5) presented with infected lesions on the foot that did not resemble footrot.

Measuring the response to therapeutic foot trimming in dairy cows with fortnightly lameness scoring.

Lameness scoring (0-3) was carried out on four UK dairy farms during the housing period over three consecutive years (2010-2012). At the start of the study cows were matched by parity and stage of lactation and randomly allocated into a treatment (TX) and a control (CX) group. Cows were enrolled when two sound scores (0 or 1) were followed by a lame score (2).