Large Language Models lack essential metacognition for reliable medical reasoning.

Large Language Models have demonstrated expert-level accuracy on medical board examinations, suggesting potential for clinical decision support systems. However, their metacognitive abilities, crucial for medical decision-making, remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we developed MetaMedQA, a benchmark incorporating confidence scores and metacognitive tasks into multiple-choice medical questions.

Impact of high-quality, mixed-domain data on the performance of medical language models.

Objective: To optimize the training strategy of large language models for medical applications, focusing on creating clinically relevant systems that efficiently integrate into healthcare settings, while ensuring high standards of accuracy and reliability.

Materials And Methods: We curated a comprehensive collection of high-quality, domain-specific data and used it to train several models, each with different subsets of this data. These models were rigorously evaluated against standard medical benchmarks, such as the USMLE, to measure their performance.

The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression.

The ppc gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum encoding phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase was isolated by complementation of a ppc mutant of Escherichia coli using a cosmid gene bank of chromosomal C. glutamicum DNA. By subsequent subcloning into the plasmid pUC8 and deletion analysis, the ppc gene could be located on a 3.

A microbial culture with oxygen-sensitive product distribution as a potential tool for characterizing bioreactor oxygen transport.

The dissolved oxygen (DO) level has been shown to have a profound effect on the product distribution of a Bacillus subtilis culture, with acetoin being excreted with DO above 100 parts per billion (ppb) and butanediol below 100 ppb. The product concentration ratio changed rapidly in the 80-90 ppb range. Switching from one oxygen level to another caused one already accumulated product to be converted to the other in a reversible manner.