Effects of noise and metabolic cost on cortical task representations.

Cognitive flexibility requires both the encoding of task-relevant and the ignoring of task-irrelevant stimuli. While the neural coding of task-relevant stimuli is increasingly well understood, the mechanisms for ignoring task-irrelevant stimuli remain poorly understood. Here, we study how task performance and biological constraints jointly determine the coding of relevant and irrelevant stimuli in neural circuits.

Disease features at diagnosis and changes in disease course severity among commercially insured patients with childhood-onset compared with adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) causes widespread inflammation and damage in affected organs. Severity is determined by the type of organ systems affected and the extent of involvement. SLE occurs in childhood or adulthood and disease severity varies according to age of onset.

Endophenotype presentation of athletes with concussion contingent on sex and time since injury.

Introduction: Athletes with concussions experience heterogeneous symptoms and clinical trajectories. Subclassification provides diagnostic clarity that may improve prognostication and individualized treatments.

Methods: We hypothesized that endophenotypes of adolescent athletes with concussions differ based on sex and time since injury.

Race/ethnicity, sex, and age differences in pediatric SCAT-5 concussion symptoms.

Objective: To examine sociodemographic differences in concussion symptom reporting, among young children by race/ethnicity, sex, and age at initial presentation to guide potential interventions for children from different backgrounds.

Method: Participants were elementary-age children (ages 5 to 12 years;  = 392) who sustained a concussion within 30 days of specialty concussion clinic visit. Independent variables were self-defined race/ethnic group, participants' sex, and age.