Mosaic evolution of a learning and memory circuit in Heliconiini butterflies.

How do neural circuits accommodate changes that produce cognitive variation? We explore this question by analyzing the evolutionary dynamics of an insect learning and memory circuit centered within the mushroom body. Mushroom bodies are composed of a conserved wiring logic, mainly consisting of Kenyon cells, dopaminergic neurons, and mushroom body output neurons. Despite this conserved makeup, there is huge diversity in mushroom body size and shape across insects.

Evolution of neural circuitry and cognition.

Neural circuits govern the interface between the external environment, internal cues and outwardly directed behaviours. To process multiple environmental stimuli and integrate these with internal state requires considerable neural computation. Expansion in neural network size, most readily represented by whole brain size, has historically been linked to behavioural complexity, or the predominance of cognitive behaviours.

A modified method to analyse cell proliferation using EdU labelling in large insect brains.

The study of neurogenesis is critical to understanding of the evolution of nervous systems. Within invertebrates, this process has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, which is the predominant model thanks to the availability of advanced genetic tools. However, insect nervous systems are extremely diverse, and by studying a range of taxa we can gain additional information about how nervous systems and their development evolve.

Piloting an International Comparison of Readily Accessible Online English Language Advice Surrounding Responsible Cat Ownership.

Cats are popular companion animals globally. While the general academic definition of responsible cat ownership is agreed upon, committing to responsible cat ownership is multifaceted, often reflecting regional priorities and values. Utilising a virtual private network (VPN), an English-language online search for 'responsible cat ownership' was applied from major cities in 10 different nations, accounting for five different geographic regions and nine different geographic sub-regions.

Make a difference: Choose artificial reefs over natural reefs to compensate for the environmental impacts of dive tourism.

In the marine environment, natural reef habitats are amongst the most threatened by human activities. Although reef-based ecotourism can benefit local economies, dive tourism can damage sensitive habitats. One solution to managing conflicts between the economic value of diving and its ecological threats is the deployment of artificial reefs near popular dive sites.