Fast updating feedback from piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb relays multimodal identity and reward contingency signals during rule-reversal.

While animals readily adjust their behavior to adapt to relevant changes in the environment, the neural pathways enabling these changes remain largely unknown. Here, using multiphoton imaging, we investigate whether feedback from the piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb supports such behavioral flexibility. To this end, we engage head-fixed male mice in a multimodal rule-reversal task guided by olfactory and auditory cues.

Position statement on longitudinal cracks and fractures of teeth.

This position statement is a consensus view of an expert committee convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE). The statement is based on current clinical and scientific evidence as well as the collective reflective practice of the committee. The aim is to provide clinicians with evidence-based, authoritative information on the aetiology, clinical presentation, and management of cracks and fractures that typically manifest along the long axis of the crown and/or root.

GRK5 is required for adipocyte differentiation through ERK activation.

Previous studies have identified G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 5 (GRK5) as a genetic factor contributing to obesity pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that Grk5 mRNA is more abundant in stromal vascular fractions of mouse white adipose tissue, the fraction that contains adipose progenitor cells, or committed preadipocytes, than in adipocyte fractions. Thus, we generated a GRK5 knockout (KO) 3T3-L1 preadipocyte to further investigate the mechanistic role of GRK5 in regulating adipocyte differentiation.

Systems-level immunomonitoring in children with solid tumors to enable precision medicine.

Cancer is the leading cause of death from disease in children. Survival depends not only on surgery, cytostatic drugs, and radiation but also on systemic immune responses. Factors influencing these immune responses in children of different ages and tumor types are unknown.

Long-term safety of lentiviral or gammaretroviral gene-modified T cell therapies.

Long-term risks of gene therapy are not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated safety outcomes in 783 patients over more than 2,200 total patient-years of observation from 38 T cell therapy trials. The trials employed integrating gammaretroviral or lentiviral vectors to deliver engineered receptors to target HIV-1 infection or cancer.