Adaptive Cost-Benefit Control Fueled by Striatal Dopamine.

The twenty-first century has brought forth a deluge of theories and data shedding light on the neural mechanisms of motivated behavior. Much of this progress has focused on dopaminergic dynamics, including their signaling properties (how do they vary with expectations and outcomes?) and their downstream impacts in target regions (how do they affect learning and behavior?). In parallel, the basal ganglia have been elevated from their original implication in motoric function to a canonical circuit facilitating the initiation, invigoration, and selection of actions across levels of abstraction, from motor to cognitive operations.

Donor Regulatory T-Cell Therapy to Prevent Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative therapy limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In preclinical studies and early-phase clinical studies enrichment of donor regulatory T cells (Tregs) appears to prevent GVHD and promote healthy immunity.We enrolled 44 patients on an open-label, single-center, phase 2 efficacy study investigating if a precision selected and highly purified Treg cell therapy manufactured from donor mobilized peripheral blood improves one-year GVHD-free relapse free survival (GRFS) after myeloablative conditioning (trial NCT01660607).

Role of the New Physical Examination Minor Criterion (New Heart Murmur) for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis.

Among 3127 episodes of suspected infective endocarditis, the 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases clinical criteria showed an accuracy of 90% for infective endocarditis diagnosis. A new heart murmur was present in 690 (22%) episodes. Excluding imaging and surgical findings decreased the accuracy to 73%, while using the physical examination criterion slightly improved the accuracy to 78%.

Effects of an initial anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy on subsequent anti-CD22 CAR T-cell manufacturing and clinical outcomes in patients with r/r LBCL.

Patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) progressing after anti-CD19 CAR T-cell (CAR19) therapy have poor outcomes. Subsequent CAR T-cell therapy shows promise, but the impact of residual CAR19 and early relapse remains unclear. We evaluated 37 CAR19-refractory LBCL patients who received anti-CD22 CAR T-cell (CAR22) in a phase 1b trial (NCT04088890).