Morphological Covariance and Onset of Foot Prehensility as Indicators of Integrated Evolutionary Dynamics in the Herons (Ardeidae).

The ultimate form an organism attains is based, in part, on the rate and timing of developmental trajectories and on compensatory relationships between morphological traits. For example, there is often an inverse correlation between the relative size of an organism's head and the length of its legs. Avian examples with a disproportionately small head and long legs include ostriches (Struthionidae), flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), cranes (Gruidae), and stilts (Recurvirostridae).

Ancestor of the new archetypal biology: Goethe's dynamic typology as a model for contemporary evolutionary developmental biology.

As understood historically, typological thinking has no place in evolutionary biology since its conceptual framework is viewed as incompatible with population thinking. In this article, I propose that what I describe as dynamic typological thinking has been confused with, and has been overshadowed by, a static form of typological thinking. This conflation results from an inability to grasp dynamic typological thinking due to the overlooked requirement to engage our cognitive activity in an unfamiliar way.

Holographic interferometers with photorefractive recording media.

We discuss two types of holographic interferometer that contain photorefractive recording media. The first type contains two beams interacting in a photorefractive medium. The second type utilizes a single beam and relies on self-pumped phase conjugation from a photorefractive crystal to make phase changes appear as intensity changes.