Under the EU Air Quality Directive (AQD) 2008/50/EC member states are required to undertake routine monitoring of PM composition at background stations. The AQD states for PM speciation this should include at least: nitrate , sulfate , chloride (Cl), ammonium (NH4), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Until 2017, it was the responsibility of each country to determine the methodology used to report the composition for the inorganic components of PM.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAtmospheric PM and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations in Manlleu (NE Spain) have remained high from 2008 to 2023, frequently exceeding EU limit/target values, and reaching BaP levels up to six times higher than urban averages in Spain. Furthermore, PM speciation campaigns were carried out in 2013, 2014-2015, 2016-2017 and 2021-2022. Chemical mass closure for autumn-winter showed a consistent PM composition for the different PM speciation campaigns, comprising 46-53% organic matter (OM), 18-26% secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), 13-23% mineral matter (MM), and 5-9% elemental carbon (EC).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Aims: In the recent years creatine has been shown promising results in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies and dystrophies. Cardiovascular diseases could be another pathology that can benefit from creatine supplementation, considering the influence on the risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases including reduction in chronic inflammation, and improved control of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of short-term creatine supplementation on cardiac and vascular health in older adults.
Methods: Males between the ages of 55-80 were randomly assigned to three groups: creatine, placebo and control.