Growth assessment of diabetic rat fetuses under the influence of insulin and melatonin: a morphologic study.

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress makes an important contribution to the etiology of diabetic teratogenicity namely fetal growth and congenital dysmorphogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective roles of melatonin and insulin against diabetic's embryolethality and teratogenicity. Diabetes was induced to virgin Sprague Dawley albino rats by a single peritoneal injection of alloxan.

Synthesis of 2-(aminocarbonylmethylthio)-1H-imidazoles as novel Capravirine analogues.

Different analogues of Capravirine (AG-1549) or S-1153 were prepared by synthesis of 2-(5-benzyl-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio)acetamide (3a-c), ethyl [5-benzyl-1-(ethoxymethyl)-4-ethyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio]acetate (10), 2-[5-alkyl-4-substituted 1-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio]acetamides (12a-f), and 2-[5-benzyl-1-(benzyloxymethyl)-4-isopropyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylthio]acetamides (14a-l) from their corresponding amino acids through a sequence of reactions: Dakin-West reaction, hydrolysis, condensation with thiocyanate derivatives, alkylation with 2-iodoacetamide and ethyl chloroacetate, and coupling with 4-pyridylmethyl chloride, ethoxymethyl chloride and benzyloxymethyl chloride. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their activity against HIV-1 (wild type) and some of them (especially Capravirine like structures) were found active.

Synthesis of 2-methylsulfanyl-1H-imidazoles as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).

alpha-Aminoketone hydrochlorides 2a-d were synthesized by Dakin-West reaction from L-phenylalanine and L-cyclohexylalanine followed by hydrolysis in acidic medium. Treatment of 2a-d with aqueous potassium thiocyanate afforded 1, 3-imidazole-2-thiones 3a-d which were alkylated with methyl iodide to give 2-methylsulfanyl-1H-imidazoles 4a-d with 4-benzyl/4-cyclohexylmethyl and 5-ethyl/5-isopropyl substituents. Coupling of 4a-d with ethoxymethyl chloride or benzyloxymethyl chloride furnished N-1 5a-d and N-3 6a-h alkylated products.

Nephrotoxicity of low-dose methotrexate in guinea pigs: an ultrastructural study.

The nephrotoxicity of low-dose methotrexate (MTX) and the rescue effect of leucovorin were studied by electron-microscopic examination of the kidney of guinea pigs. One group received MTX as a single weekly dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p.

Extensor tendons of the fingers: arrangement and variations--II.

One hundred eighty-one dissected hands were examined to study the pattern of extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand. Extensor digitorum often had multiple tendons for the middle and ring fingers. Its contribution to the little finger was usually by a bifurcating tendon common with that of the ring finger.