Defining Substantial Clinical Benefits of PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function in Patients Undergoing Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Spine Surgery.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Objective: This study aims to define Substantial Clinical Benefit (SCB) thresholds for PROMIS physical function (PF) and pain interference (PI) in lumbar or thoracolumbar spine surgery population.

Summary Of Background Data: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are widely used in spine surgery to assess treatment efficacy.

Phenotypic Expansion of Knobloch Syndrome Type 2 in an Individual With a De Novo PAK2 Variant.

P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) is a serine/threonine kinase essential for a variety of cellular processes including signal transduction, cellular survival, proliferation, and migration. A recent report proposed monoallelic PAK2 variants cause Knobloch syndrome type 2 (KNO2)-a developmental disorder primarily characterized by ocular anomalies. Here, we identified a novel de novo heterozygous missense variant in PAK2, NM_002577.

Low-dose intranasal deferoxamine modulates memory, neuroinflammation, and the neuronal transcriptome in the streptozotocin rodent model of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Intranasal (IN) deferoxamine (DFO) has emerged over the past decade as a promising therapeutic in preclinical experiments across neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. As an antioxidant iron chelator, its mechanisms are multimodal, involving the binding of brain iron and the consequent engagement of several pathways to counter pathogenesis across multiple diseases. We and other research groups have shown that IN DFO rescues cognitive impairment in several rodent models of Alzheimer Disease (AD).

The Soundtrack of a Clinic Day.

There is a hum and drum to the clinical day, sounds and rhythms that pervade physician and patient's soundscape. We hear but we do not listen. The soundtrack of the daily grind is experienced as an audio blanket of white noise.

Permissive central tolerance plus defective peripheral checkpoints licence pathogenic memory B cells in CASPR2-antibody encephalitis.

Autoimmunity affects 10% of the population. Within this umbrella, autoantibody-mediated diseases targeting one autoantigen provide a unique opportunity to comprehensively understand the developmental pathway of disease-causing B cells and autoantibodies. While such autoreactivities are believed to be generated during germinal centre reactions, the roles of earlier immune checkpoints in autoantigen-specific B cell tolerance are poorly understood.