Future of Immune Modulation in Animal Agriculture.

Immune modulation in animal agriculture has been of research interest for several decades, yet only a few immunomodulators have received regulatory approval in the United States and around the world. In this review, we summarize market and regulatory environments impacting commercial development of immunomodulators for use in livestock and poultry. In the United States, very few immunomodulators have received regulatory approval for use in livestock by either the US Department of Agriculture Center for Veterinary Biologics or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Model for partitioning the non-phytoplankton absorption coefficient of seawater in the ultraviolet and visible spectral range into the contributions of non-algal particulate and dissolved organic matter.

Non-algal particles and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are two major classes of seawater constituents that contribute substantially to light absorption in the ocean within the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral regions. The similarities in the spectral shape of these two constituent absorption coefficients, () and (), respectively, have led to their common estimation as a single combined non-phytoplankton absorption coefficient, (), in optical remote-sensing applications. Given the different biogeochemical and ecological roles of non-algal particles and CDOM in the ocean, it is important to determine and characterize the absorption coefficient of each of these constituents separately.

Estimation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and non-algal particulate absorption coefficients of seawater in the ultraviolet by extrapolation from the visible spectral region.

Extending the capabilities of optical remote sensing and inverse optical algorithms, which have been commonly focused on the visible (VIS) range of the electromagnetic spectrum, to derive the optical properties of seawater in the ultraviolet (UV) range is important to advancing the understanding of various optical, biological, and photochemical processes in the ocean. In particular, existing remote-sensing reflectance models that derive the total spectral absorption coefficient of seawater, a(λ), and absorption partitioning models that partition a(λ) into the component absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, a(λ), non-algal (depigmented) particles, a(λ), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), a(λ), are restricted to the VIS range. We assembled a quality-controlled development dataset of hyperspectral measurements of a(λ) (N = 1294) and a(λ) (N = 409) spanning a wide range of values across various ocean basins, and evaluated several extrapolation methods to extend a(λ), a(λ), and a(λ) ≡ a(λ) + a(λ) into the near-UV spectral region by examining different sections of the VIS as a basis for extrapolation, different extrapolation functions, and different spectral sampling intervals of input data in the VIS.

Administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to pigs results in a longer mean survival time after exposure to Streptococcus suis.

The use of immunomodulators is a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics for therapeutic, prophylactic, and metaphylactic use to prevent and combat infectious disease. Previously we demonstrated a replication-defective adenovirus vector that expresses porcine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) elicited a sustained neutrophilia, lasting nearly 3 weeks, which may be beneficial to prevent bacterial diseases during times of peak incidence. In a pilot study using the vectored G-CSF with a Caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig model of Streptococcus suis disease, only 1 of 4 pigs given G-CSF developed disease, while 3 of 4 non-treated pigs developed Streptococcal disease.

Association of Transfer RNA Fragments in White Blood Cells With Antibody Response to Bovine Leukemia Virus in Holstein Cattle.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) affects cattle health and productivity worldwide, causing abnormal immune function and immunosuppression. Transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) are known to be involved in inhibition of gene expression and have been associated with stress and immune response, tumor growth, and viral infection. The objective of this study was to identify tRFs associated with antibody response to BLV in Holstein cattle.