Genome diploidization associates with cladogenesis, trait disparity, and plastid gene evolution.

Angiosperm genome evolution was marked by many clade-specific whole-genome duplication events. The Microlepidieae is one of the monophyletic clades in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) formed after an ancient allotetraploidization. Postpolyploid cladogenesis has resulted in the extant c.

Effect of increased ART-CPT uptake on tuberculosis outcomes and associated factors, Burundi, 2009-2013.

We retrospectively examined 3579 records of human immunodeficiency virus infected tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed from January 2009 to June 2013 in 55 TB treatment facilities in Burundi, to demonstrate whether improvement of combined cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake was accompanied by improvement of treatment outcomes, and to describe associated factors. Treatment success rates increased from 71% to 80% (P < 0.001).

Time to ART Initiation among Patients Treated for Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Khayelitsha, South Africa: Impact on Mortality and Treatment Success.

Setting: Khayelitsha, South Africa, with high burdens of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and HIV co-infection.

Objective: To describe time to antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation among HIV-infected RR-TB patients initiating RR-TB treatment and to assess the association between time to ART initiation and treatment outcomes.

Design: A retrospective cohort study of patients with RR-TB and HIV co-infection not on ART at RR-TB treatment initiation.

Making progress towards food security: evidence from an intervention in three rural districts of Rwanda.

Objective: Determining interventions to address food insecurity and poverty, as well as setting targets to be achieved in a specific time period have been a persistent challenge for development practitioners and decision makers. The present study aimed to assess the changes in food access and consumption at the household level after one-year implementation of an integrated food security intervention in three rural districts of Rwanda.

Design: A before-and-after intervention study comparing Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) scores and household Food Consumption Scores (FCS) at baseline and after one year of programme implementation.

How Has the Free Obstetric Care Policy Impacted Unmet Obstetric Need in a Rural Health District in Guinea?

Introduction: In 2010, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Guinea introduced a free emergency obstetric care policy in all the public health facilities of the country. This included antenatal checks, normal delivery and Caesarean section.

Objective: This study aims at assessing the changes in coverage of obstetric care according to the Unmet Obstetric Need concept before (2008) and after (2012) the implementation of the free emergency obstetric care policy in a rural health district in Guinea.