Do Nipple Necrosis Rates Differ in Prepectoral Versus Submuscular Implant-Based Reconstruction After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy?

Background: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has become increasingly popular, given its oncologic safety and preserved nipple areolar complex (NAC) aesthetics. Reconstruction has recently shifted from traditional submuscular (SM) to prepectoral (PP) implant placement. It remains unclear how the plane of implant placement might affect NAC perfusion.

Nuclear arms control, nonproliferation, and counterterrorism: impacts on public health.

Reducing the risks of nuclear war, limiting the spread of nuclear weapons, and reducing global nuclear weapons stockpiles are key national and international security goals. They are pursued through a variety of international arms control, nonproliferation, and counterterrorism treaties and agreements. These legally binding and political commitments, together with the institutional infrastructure that supports them, work to establish global norms of behavior and have limited the spread of weapons of mass destruction.

Pasture practices, milk distribution, and consumption in the continental U.S. in the 1950s.

Determining the consumption of milk contaminated with 131I, resulting from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site, by the United States population during the 1950s constitutes one part of the methodology used by the National Cancer Institute to assess radiation exposures to Americans. In order to make these estimates for locations throughout the United States, it is necessary to determine the pasture intake by cows and the distribution of the milk produced for human consumption at times when the weapons were tested. Since the milk industry has undergone many changes during the past 35 y, historical records and information must be used.

Estimates of fallout in the continental U.S. from Nevada weapons testing based on gummed-film monitoring data.

During periods of weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) between 1951 and 1958, the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) monitored daily fallout at about 100 sites in the U.S. using gummed-film collectors.

Models of radioiodine transport to populations within the continental U.S.

A methodology is being developed to estimate the exposure of Americans to 131I originating from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests carried out at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) during the 1950s and early 1960s. Since very few direct environmental measurements of 131I were made at that time, the assessment must rely on estimates of 131I deposition based on meterological modeling and on measurements of total beta activity from the radioactive fallout deposited on gummed-film collectors that were located across the country. The most important source of human exposure from fallout 131I was due to the ingestion of cows' milk.