Pyeloduodenal fistula: a review of the current literature.

Purpose: Pyeloduodenal fistula (PDF) is a communication between the renal pelvis and the duodenum. It is often secondary to other diseases. It is a rare condition and therefore infrequently described in the literature.

Increased COX-2 after ureter obstruction attenuates fibrosis and is associated with EP receptor upregulation in mouse and human kidney.

Aim: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity protects against oxidative stress and apoptosis early in experimental kidney injury. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that COX-2 activity attenuates fibrosis and preserves microvasculature in injured kidney. The murine unilateral ureteral-obstruction (UUO) model of kidney fibrosis was employed and compared with human nephrectomy tissue with and without chronic hydronephrosis.

[Penile cysts].

Penile cysts are rare. In the literature, epidermoid cysts of the penis are a well-described entity. Here we describe a 21-year-old male who presented with a simple cyst on the dorsal aspect of the prepuce.