Molecular and structural characterization of the L1 virus-like particles that are used as vaccine antigens in Cervarix™, the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16 and -18 cervical cancer vaccine.

Cervarix™ is a prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine developed for the prevention of cervical cancer. The vaccine antigens are HPV-16 and HPV-18 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) made from baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS)-produced HPV-16 and HPV-18 L1 proteins, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that truncation of the nuclear targeting and DNA binding signals at the C-terminus of the HPV-16 and HPV-18 L1 proteins prevented intranuclear formation of the VLPs in the host cells and led to cytoplasmic localization of the L1 proteins as shown by in situ immunogold detection and electron microscopy.

Cervarix, the GSK HPV-16/HPV-18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine, demonstrates stability upon long-term storage and under simulated cold chain break conditions.

Cervarix is a recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and -18 L1 virus-like-particle (VLP) AS04-adjuvanted vaccine designed to protect against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer caused by the HPV types 16 and 18. Assessment of the stability of the vaccine during long-term storage and after transient exposure to temperatures out of normal storage range is an integrated part of vaccine quality evaluation. This assessment was done with vaccine samples stored at 2-8 degrees C for up to 36 months, with or without simulated cold chain break (either one week at 37 degrees C, or two or four weeks at 25 degrees C).

Does solution of mental arithmetic problems such as 2 + 6 and 3 x 8 rely on the process of "Memory updating"?

Two experiments are reported that used the selective interference paradigm to study whether, besides response selection, the process of memory updating is involved in simple mental arithmetic. Participants were asked to solve simple sums (e.g.

Input monitoring and response selection as components of executive control in pro-saccades and anti-saccades.

Several studies have shown that anti-saccades, more than pro-saccades, are executed under executive control. It is argued that executive control subsumes a variety of controlled processes. The present study tested whether some of these underlying processes are involved in the execution of anti-saccades.

The role of response selection and input monitoring in solving simple arithmetical products.

Several studies have already shown that the central executive, as conceptualized in the working memory model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974), is important in simple mental arithmetic. Recently, attempts have been made to define more basic processes that underlie the "central executive." In this vein, monitoring, response selection, updating, mental shifting, and inhibition have been proposed as processes capturing executive control.