Immune system adaptation during gender-affirming testosterone treatment.

Infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune conditions present differently in males and females. SARS-CoV-2 infection in naive males is associated with increased risk of death, whereas females are at increased risk of long COVID, similar to observations in other infections. Females respond more strongly to vaccines, and adverse reactions are more frequent, like most autoimmune diseases.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Inhibits Prandial Gastrointestinal Motility Through Myenteric Neuronal Mechanisms in Humans.

Context: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion from l-cells and postprandial inhibition of gastrointestinal motility.

Objective: Investigate whether physiological plasma concentrations of GLP-1 inhibit human postprandial motility and determine mechanism of action of GLP-1 and analog ROSE-010 action.

Design: Single-blind parallel study.

Improvement of insulin sensitivity in response to exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor A expression.

Purpose: Insulin sensitivity changes in response to exercise training demonstrate a large variation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A could promote increased insulin sensitivity through angiogenesis. We investigated associations between changes in expression of key genes and insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity and glycaemic control following exercise training in diabetes mellitus type 2.

No Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment on β-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, or Glucose Homeostasis in Subjects With Abnormal Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: There has been conflicting evidence regarding the potential role of vitamin D in glucose homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of high-dose vitamin D3 treatment on β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in subjects with prediabetes or diet-treated type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Subjects (n = 44) were randomized to 30,000 IU vitamin D3 once weekly or placebo for 8 weeks.