The racialization of pit bulls: What dogs can teach us about racial politics.

Many have argued that discrimination against pit bulls is rooted in the breed's association with Black owners and culture. We theoretically and empirically interrogate that argument in a variety of ways and uncover striking similarities between the racialization of pit bulls and other racialized issues (e.g.

Pain behaviors: postsurgical responses of children and adolescents.

There is scant data identifying the range and variety of pain behaviors associated with ongoing, short-term acute pain of older children and adolescents. The purposes of this study were to identify and record pain behaviors manifested by children and adolescents during the first 3 days after surgery and examine the relationship between behaviors and self-report of pain intensity. Data were collected from 37 multi-ethnic children and adolescents using the Word Graphic Rating Scale for self-report of pain intensity and the Pediatric Pain Behavior List to record pain behaviors.

Word placement on the Word-Graphic Rating Scale by pediatric patients.

A descriptive study was undertaken to determine if children located at the descriptive words ("little pain", "medium pain," and "large pain") found on the Word-Graphic Rating Scale (WGRS) as they are placed on the original scale. The convenience sample consisted of 34 hospitalized children ages 8-15 years. There were 16 males and 18 females.

A strategy to assess the temporal dimension of pain in children and adolescents.

Two formats to enable children and adolescents to report the changing intensity, duration, and pattern of their pain were developed and tested: (a) a dot matrix with intensity markers on the y-axis and time markers on the x-axis and (b) a list of words or word phrases describing the temporal dimension of pain. Analyses of the dot matrix markings revealed six patterns of pain: steady decrease, steady increase, ongoing sharp increases and decreases, stair-step increase and decrease, steady increase and decrease, and constant. The 12 words and phrases described how pain began as well as how the pattern of pain changed over time.

Postoperative analgesics for children and adolescents: prescription and administration.

Pain was measured and analgesic treatment examined in 131 children and adolescents, 8-17 years of age, for 5 days after surgery. Analgesic data were converted to 10 mg intramuscular morphine-equivalent doses (IMMSEQ) and were designated appropriate or inappropriate for body weight. Analgesic onset, peak, and duration were calculated in relation to administration routes and the time pain assessments were made.