Long-acting, progestin-based contraceptives and risk of breast, gynecological, and other cancers.

Background: Use of long-acting, reversible contraceptives has increased over the past 20 years, but an understanding of how they could influence cancer risk is limited.

Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study among a national cohort of Australian women (n = 176 601 diagnosed with cancer between 2004 and 2013; 882 999 matched control individuals) to investigate the associations between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system, etonogestrel implants, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and cancer risk and compared these results with the oral contraceptive pill. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Statistical noise in PD-(L)1 inhibitor trials: unraveling the durable-responder effect.

Background And Objectives: Programmed-death-1/ligand-1 inhibitors (PD-1/L1is) have emerged as pivotal treatments for many cancers. A notable feature of this class of medicines is the dichotomous response pattern: A small (but clinically relevant) percentage of patients (5%-20%) benefit from deep and durable responses resembling functional cures (durable responders), while most patients experience only a modest or negligible response. Accurately predicting durable responders remains elusive due to the lack of a reliable biomarker.

Use of an emulated trial to investigate the association between use of nitrogen-based bisphosphonates and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the eighth most common cancer in women, with poor survival outcomes. Observational evidence suggests that nitrogen-based bisphosphonate (NBB) use may be associated with reduced risk of EOC, particularly the endometrioid and serous histotypes; however, confounding by indication is a concern. An alternative approach to investigate the chemo-preventive potential of NBBs is to emulate a target trial by identifying all women who initiate use of NBBs and investigate the risk of EOC for continued users compared with discontinued users.

Predicting the risk of pancreatic cancer in women with new-onset diabetes mellitus.

Background And Aim: People with new-onset diabetes mellitus (diabetes) could be a possible target population for pancreatic cancer surveillance. However, distinguishing diabetes caused by pancreatic cancer from type 2 diabetes remains challenging. We aimed to develop and validate a model to predict pancreatic cancer among women with new-onset diabetes.