Microhardness and Chemical Composition of Different Metallic Brackets: An Study.

The purpose of the study is to compare the hardness of different metallic brackets to enamel and to determine their chemical composition and microstructure. Five metallic brackets (0.022″ × 0.

Time course of attention for alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholic patients: the role of initial orienting.

Objective: Addicted people are characterized by enhanced attention for drug cues leading to drug use. However, there is little research on the component processes of attention in individuals with alcoholism. Here, we examine 2 distinct components of attention in abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals and social drinkers of alcohol, that is to say, the initial orienting to alcohol-related cues, and the maintenance of attention to them.

Cognitive biases toward alcohol-related words and executive deficits in polysubstance abusers with alcoholism.

Aim: To study cognitive biases for alcohol-related cues on executive function tasks involving mental flexibility and response inhibition in polysubstance abusers with alcoholism.

Design: The responses to alcohol-related cues of detoxified polysubstance abusers with alcoholism and of non-addicts were compared.

Setting: The University of Iowa City, Iowa, USA.