Organiational Structure and Created Values. Review of Methods of Studying Collective Intelligence in Policymaking.

The domain of policymaking, which used to be limited to small groups of specialists, is now increasingly opening up to the participation of wide collectives, which are not only influencing government decisions, but also enhancing citizen engagement and transparency, improving service delivery and gathering the distributed wisdom of diverse participants. Although collective intelligence has become a more common approach to policymaking, the studies on this subject have not been conducted in a systematic way. Nevertheless, we hypothesized that methods and strategies specific to different types of studies in this field could be identified and analyzed.

[A case of asymptomatic central pontine myelinolysis].

In 1959 year Adams, Victor and Mancella described central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) as a disease of fulminant course and fatal prognosis. In the typical cases progressive tetraparesis with bulbar signs results in severe crippledom or death. The disease was diagnosed before only by autopsy, as soon as the modern radiological technics i.

[Comparison of clinical and histopathologic diagnosis for early stages of advanced nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors].

The authors present their observations concerning application of imaging methods in disease staging procedures in 69 patients with low stage nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (NSGCTT). The results of CT, USG, and lymphangiography examinations of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes were compared with the results of pathological examination of these nodes, removed during retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. 29 patients had clinical stage I (no node involvement) and 40 patients had stage II disease (node metastases).

[Comparison of computed tomography results and pathological findings after laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease].

In 69 patients (pts) with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in I-IIIA clinical stage results of abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) were compared with pathological staging. Concordance (specificity) of CT scan with results of macroscopic evaluation of HD lesions in the abdomen during laparotomy with splenectomy was 83%. Accuracy CT results and microscopic findings was 80%.

[Usefulness of computerized myelotomography in the diagnosis of discopathy of the cervical spine].

The authors compared the results of preoperative computer-assisted myelography (CAM) with surgical findings in 45 patients with suspected cervical disc disease. In 98% CAM gave full and proper diagnosis confirmed by surgery. Only in one patient, the preoperative diagnosis was extraspinal tumour, and surgery revealed prolapsed nucleus pulposus lying freely on the anterior wall of the dural sac.