The virulence protein PagN contributes to the advent of a hyper-replicating cytosolic bacterial population.

subspecies serovar Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that invades and colonizes the intestinal epithelium. Following bacterial invasion, is enclosed within a membrane-bound vacuole known as a -containing vacuole (SCV). However, a subset of has the capability to prematurely rupture the SCV and escape, resulting in hyper-replication within the cytosol of epithelial cells.

Exercise-Induced Cardiac Fatigue in Soldiers Assessed by Echocardiography.

Echocardiographic signs of exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) have been described after strenuous endurance exercise. Nevertheless, few data are available on the effects of repeated strenuous exercise, especially when associated with other constraints as sleep deprivation or mental stress which occur during military selection boot camps. Furthermore, we aimed to study the influence of experience and training level on potential EICF signs.

Prognostic values of exercise echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with primary mitral regurgitation.

Aims: To compare the clinical significance of exercise echocardiography (ExE) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in patients with ≥moderate primary mitral regurgitation (MR) and discrepancy between symptoms and MR severity.

Methods And Results: Patients consulting for ≥moderate discordant primary MR prospectively underwent low (25 W) ExE, peak ExE, and CPX within 2 months in Lille and Rennes University Hospital. Patients with Class I recommendation for surgical MR correction were excluded.