Capnography in the Emergency Department: A Review of Uses, Waveforms, and Limitations.

Background: Capnography has many uses in the emergency department (ED) and critical care setting, most commonly cardiac arrest and procedural sedation.

Objective Of The Review: This review evaluates several indications concerning capnography beyond cardiac arrest and procedural sedation in the ED, as well as limitations and specific waveforms.

Discussion: Capnography includes the noninvasive measurement of CO, providing information on ventilation, perfusion, and metabolism in intubated and spontaneously breathing patients.

Free internal mammary artery graft reimplantation on the same vessel in repeat coronary revascularization.

We describe the case of a 62-year-old man who needed a 3-vessel coronary artery bypass reoperation and mitral valve replacement. The patient's existing free left internal mammary artery graft was not functioning because of a critical stenosis in the native vessel just after the distal anastomosis. The free graft itself was in perfect condition, and we decided to reuse it.

Cardiac angio-CT scan for planning MIDCAB.

Precise evaluation of the cardiac and thoracic anatomy of the patient is mandatory for planning safe minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB). Three-dimensional images obtained with a computed tomographic coronary angiography (angio-CT) scan make it possible to accurately visualize the intrathoracic surgical anatomy in order to check the feasibility of the direct exposure of the anatomical structures involved in the surgical procedure. Particular morphological parameters of coronary arteries such as diameter, wall calcification, and intramyocardial position as well as bypass grafts and internal thoracic artery (ITA) displacement can all be precisely defined with this method.