A GFP-expressing minigenome of a chrysovirus replicating in fungi.

The Fusarium graminearum virus China 9 (FgV-ch9) is a member of the genus Betachrysovirus in the Chrysoviridae family and causes hypovirulence in its host, Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. Although insights into viral biology of FgV-ch9 have expanded in recent years, questions regarding the function of virus-encoded proteins, cis-acting elements, and virus transmission are yet to be answered. Therefore, we developed a tool for the establishment of an artificial 6th segment of FgV-ch9, which encodes a GFP gene flanked by the non-translated regions of FgV-ch9 segment 1.

Fast preparation of high-quality viral dsRNA from fungal tissue by commercial nucleic acid extraction kits.

The genomes of most known mycoviruses consist of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or single stranded RNA (ssRNA). Therefore, for all aspects of mycovirology, the research is highly dependent on the quality and quantity of RNA either by the extraction of genomic dsRNA or dsRNA as a replicating intermediate. A common procedure to extract dsRNA is its binding on a cellulose matrix after a phenol/chloroform purification step.

Stable overexpression and targeted gene deletion of the causative agent of ash dieback Hymenoscyphus fraxineus.

Background: Due to the infection with the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which has been replacing the closely related and non-pathogenic native Hymenoscyphus albidus, the European ashes, Fraxinus excelsior (also known as the common ash), Fraxinus angustifolia (also known as narrow-leaved ash) and Fraxinus ornus (also known as the manna ash) are at risk. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is the causative agent of ash dieback of the European ashes, but is non-pathogenic to the native Asian ash Fraxinus mandshurica (also known as the Manchurian ash). Even though the invasion of H.

Regulators of mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis in cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia is a key pathophysiological feature of various brain insults. Inadequate oxygen supply can manifest regionally in stroke or as a result of traumatic brain injury or globally following cardiac arrest, all leading to irreversible brain damage. Mitochondrial function is essential for neuronal survival, since neurons critically depend on ATP synthesis generated by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in neuronal HT22 cells resistant to oxidative stress.

Background And Purpose: The hippocampal cell line HT22 is an excellent model for studying the consequences of endogenous oxidative stress. Extracellular glutamate depletes cellular glutathione by blocking the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc-. Glutathione depletion induces a well-defined programme of cell death characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction.