Umbrella Review on Cancer Stem Cell in Oral and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells in a tumor which can begin to grow, develop, and induce resistance in the tumor. Recent studies have shown that as with mesenchymal stem cells, CSCs can also regenerate themselves and be involved in tumorigenesis. Recent advances in detection of biomarkers for identifying CSCs as well as development of new techniques for evaluating the tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis roles of CSCs have been considerable.

[The role of socialisation in psychosexual development].

Introduction: In the recent research and interpretation of the genetical-biological and environmental-social factors shaping psychosexual development, in addition to scientific arguments, more and more ideological and political aspect have received unfortunate emphasis.

Objective: Since the literature investigating the development of gender identity and gender orientation has not only increased, but also polarized, it is timely to look at the scientific exchange of ideas and debates among the differing positions.

Method: Exploring the significance of genetic, biological and social factors involved in the development of gender identity and gender orientation based on international literature data.

Molecular methods to study protein trafficking between organs.

Interorgan communication networks are key regulators of organismal homeostasis, and their dysregulation is associated with a variety of pathologies. While mass spectrometry proteomics identifies circulating proteins and can correlate their abundance with disease phenotypes, the tissues of origin and destinations of these secreted proteins remain largely unknown. In vitro approaches to study protein secretion are valuable, however, they may not mimic the complexity of in vivo environments.

The LRP1/CD91 ligands, tissue-type plasminogen activator, α-macroglobulin, and soluble cellular prion protein have distinct co-receptor requirements for activation of cell-signaling.

LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1/CD91) binds diverse ligands, many of which activate cell-signaling. Herein, we compared three LRP1 ligands that inhibit inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including: enzymatically-inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA); activated α-macroglobulin (αM); and S-PrP, a soluble derivative of nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrP). In bone marrow-derived macrophages, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor was essential for all three LRP1 ligands to activate cell-signaling and inhibit LPS-induced cytokine expression.

Cellular prion protein in human plasma-derived extracellular vesicles promotes neurite outgrowth via the NMDA receptor-LRP1 receptor system.

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cell-cell communication. Herein, we isolated EVs from human plasma and demonstrated that these EVs activate cell signaling and promote neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Analysis of human plasma EVs purified by sequential ultracentrifugation using tandem mass spectrometry indicated the presence of multiple plasma proteins, including α-macroglobulin, which is reported to regulate PC-12 cell physiology.