Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin.

Gentoo penguins () are found across the Southern Ocean with a circumpolar distribution and notable genetic and morphological variation across their geographic range. Whether this geographic variation represents species-level diversity has yet to be investigated in an integrative taxonomic framework. Here, we show that four distinct populations of gentoo penguins (Iles Kerguelen, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and South Shetlands/Western Antarctic Peninsula) are genetically and morphologically distinct from one another.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Three-needle technique on two planes. Cury's technique.

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the main type of surgery indicated for kidney stones larger than 2 cm. The present study describes a three-needle technique for percutaneous nephrolithotomy on two planes.

Surgical Technique: The patient is first placed in the lithotomy position for cystoscopy, which guides the ureteral and urethral catheter.

Pyelolithotomy in a Patient with Complete Coraliform Calcification Induced by a Double-J Ureteral Stent.

The placement of a double-J ureteral stent enables the treatment of upper urinary tract obstruction. Despite advances, forgetting the stent favors the occurrence of calcification, leading to increased morbidity rates, lawsuits, and a financial burden on the healthcare system. This paper describes a successful pyelolithotomy for the removal of a calcified double-J ureteral stent.

Does right-sided varicocele indicate a right-sided kidney tumor?

Varicocele is a dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus, mainly affecting the left side of the scrotum. In rare cases, however, the right side is affected. When this occurs, a retroperitoneal disease should be suspected, such as right-sided renal neoplasm.