Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein domains physically associate with enhanced disease susceptibility1 family proteins in immune signaling.

Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) type nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) require enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) family proteins and the helper NLRs NRG1 and ADR1 for immune activation. We show that the EDS1-SAG101b-NRG1 signaling pathway in is necessary for cell death signaling by TIR-NLRs from a range of plant species, suggesting a universal requirement for this module in TIR-NLR-mediated cell death in We also find that TIR domains physically associate with EDS1, PAD4, and SAG101 , independently of each other. Furthermore, NRG1 associates with SAG101b, but not with other EDS1 family members, via its C-terminal EP domain.

Subcellular localization requirements and specificities for plant immune receptor Toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling.

Recent work shed light on how plant intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family are activated upon pathogen effector recognition to trigger immune responses. Activation of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, which is required for TIR enzymatic activity. TIR-catalyzed small signaling molecules bind to EDS1 family heterodimers and subsequently activate downstream helper NLRs, which function as Ca permeable channel to activate immune responses eventually leading to cell death.

Invited review: Current enteric methane mitigation options.

Ruminant livestock are an important source of anthropogenic methane (CH). Decreasing the emissions of enteric CH from ruminant production is strategic to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C by 2050.

Connecting the dots between cell surface- and intracellular-triggered immune pathways in plants.

Plants can detect microbial molecules via surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular immune receptors from the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) family. The corresponding pattern-triggered (PTI) and effector-triggered (ETI) immunity were long considered separate pathways, although they converge on largely similar cellular responses, such as calcium influx and overlapping gene reprogramming. A number of studies recently uncovered genetic and molecular interconnections between PTI and ETI, highlighting the complexity of the plant immune network.

Correction: Autoacetylation of the Ralstonia solanacearum Effector PopP2 Targets a Lysine Residue Essential for RRS1-R-Mediated Immunity in Arabidopsis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.