A 13-Year National Monitoring Study to Assess Narcotic Prescriptions and Indications (2007-2019).

Introduction: Analgesics are among the most widely used drugs worldwide. This study describes the population treated with narcotic analgesics, their therapeutic indications and how the data have evolved over a decade.

Methods: A cross-sectional, national, multicentre survey study was conducted that included surveys taken every year from 2007 to 2019 in a national sample of 1500 randomly selected dispensing pharmacies.

[Community pharmacists, students in pharmacy, and requests of codeine-based medicines: Observational study].

Introduction: The case of purple drank motivated a study to investigate the way community pharmacists and students in pharmacy managed, with patients, the abuse risk of non-prescription codeine-based medicines.

Methods: This prospective descriptive study was conducted, between September and October 2016, within a 170 community pharmacies network of Aquitaine and 437 pharmacy students of Bordeaux university (fourth, fifth and sixth year students, without selection of the pharmacies where they were able to work). It used a common survey questionnaire, which was sent to students through their own "Facebook" (Facebook Inc.

[From psychoactive medicines to addictovigilance in French Public Health Code (1990-2017)].

Addictovigilance in the French Public Health Code, in the section related to poisonous substances, refers to a monitoring system developed since 1990: control of psychoactive substances and products, with medicinal use or not, was completed by a specific system focused on evaluation and information on pharmacodependance in 1999. The French medicines agency (Agence du médicament) created in 1993 was involved in this monitoring system; pharmacodependance evaluation was added by law to the missions of the agencies that followed: the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé missions (AFSSAPS, 1998) and the Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM, 2011). "Addictovigilance" first appears in French Law in 2017 whereas it was used by pharmacodependance centers and AFSSAPS since 2007.

Parachuting psychoactive substances: Pharmacokinetic clues for harm reduction.

Background: Parachuting, also called bombing, is a way to ingest psychoactive substances wrapped into cigarette paper, toilet paper, etc. There is little data describing parachuting in terms of substances use, context of use and, most importantly, the motivations for using such wrappers, although some authors hypothesized that parachute could be used for pharmacokinetic reason. However, inconsistently, some authors report that parachutes are used for sustained-release whereas others report that users are looking for an immediate effect.

[Cooperation according to French Law "hospital, patients, health and territories": Pharmacists' involvement in Aquitaine region].

Background: In 2009, the French Act "Hospital, Patients, Health and Territories" (loi "Hôpital, Patients, Santé et Territoires") reorganized the outpatient care pathway and defined missions aimed at improving cooperation between pharmaceutical and medical professionals. Five years later, we conducted a survey among community pharmacists in order to assess the appropriation of these missions and the way cooperation was implemented. We also aimed to investigate factors that could hamper or ease the development of these activities in order to identify actions needed to improve pharmacists' involvement.