Five Years Monitoring the Emergence of Unregulated Toxins in Shellfish in France (EMERGTOX 2018-2022).

Shellfish accumulate microalgal toxins, which can make them unsafe for human consumption. In France, in accordance with EU regulations, three groups of marine toxins are currently under official monitoring: lipophilic toxins, saxitoxins, and domoic acid. Other unregulated toxin groups are also present in European shellfish, including emerging lipophilic and hydrophilic marine toxins (e.

Health risk assessment related to pinnatoxins in French shellfish.

Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are a group of emerging marine biotoxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, currently not regulated in Europe or in any other country in the world. In France, PnTXs were detected for the first time in 2011, in mussels from the Ingril lagoon (South of France, Mediterranean coast). Since then, analyses carried out in mussels from this lagoon have shown high concentrations of PnTXs for several months each year.

Pinnatoxins' Deleterious Effects on Cholinergic Networks: From Experimental Models to Human Health.

Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are emerging neurotoxins that were discovered about 30 years ago. They are solely produced by the marine dinoflagellate , and may be transferred into the food chain, as they have been found in various marine invertebrates, including bivalves. No human intoxication has been reported to date although acute toxicity was induced by PnTxs in rodents.

Up-regulation of cytolytic functions of human Vδ2-γ T lymphocytes through engagement of ILT2 expressed by tumor target cells.

In humans, the majority of peripheral blood γδ T cells expresses Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptors (TCR) and recognize nonpeptidic phosphorylated antigens. In contrast, most tissue-derived γδ T cells, which are located mainly in spleen and epithelia, preferentially use Vδ1 or Vδ3 chains paired with diverse Vγ chains to form their TCR. Our knowledge about the antigenic specificity and costimulation requirements of human Vδ2(-) γδ T cells remains limited.