Invasion of the four kingdoms: the parasite journey across plant and non-plant hosts.

Parasites have a rich and long natural history among biological entities, and it has been suggested that parasites are one of the most significant factors in the evolution of their hosts. However, it has been emphasized less frequently how co-evolution has undoubtedly also shaped the paths of parasites. It may seem safe to assume that specific differences among the array of potential hosts for particular parasites have restricted and diversified their evolutionary pathways and strategies for survival.

Bayesian intelligence for medical diagnosis: a pilot study on patient disposition for emergency medicine chest pain.

Objectives: Clinicians can rapidly and accurately diagnose disease, learn from experience, and explain their reasoning. Computational Bayesian medical decision-making might replicate this expertise. This paper assesses a computer system for diagnosing cardiac chest pain in the emergency department (ED) that decides whether to admit or discharge a patient.

Comparative mitogenomic analysis of f. sp. suggests recombination events during its evolutionary history.

Introduction: Modern understanding of the concept of genetic diversity must include the study of both nuclear and organellar DNA, which differ greatly in terms of their structure, organization, gene content and distribution. This study comprises an analysis of the genetic diversity of the smut fungus f. sp.

Characterization of Secreted Effector Proteins, Their Potential Host Targets, and Localization in a Heterologous Host Plant.

is an obligate fungal species colonizing the plant host, . The fungus synthesizes and secretes effector proteins into the plant host during infection to manipulate the host for completion of the fungal lifecycle. The goal of this study was to continue functional characterization of such effectors.