Experimental annotation of the human genome using microarray technology.

The most important product of the sequencing of a genome is a complete, accurate catalogue of genes and their products, primarily messenger RNA transcripts and their cognate proteins. Such a catalogue cannot be constructed by computational annotation alone; it requires experimental validation on a genome scale. Using 'exon' and 'tiling' arrays fabricated by ink-jet oligonucleotide synthesis, we devised an experimental approach to validate and refine computational gene predictions and define full-length transcripts on the basis of co-regulated expression of their exons.

Magnitude of end-stage renal disease in IDDM: a 35 year follow-up study.

Significant improvements were made during the last two decades in the treatment of IDDM patients. To assess the risk of ESRD in a population that was exposed to these improvements, we determined the cumulative incidence of ESRD in a cohort of 142 white patients who were aged less than 21 years when they came to the Joslin Diabetes Center in 1959 with recently diagnosed IDDM. The first case of ESRD occurred after 13 years of IDDM, and a total of 25 cases have developed by 35 years' duration (cumulative incidence 21.

Glycosylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Background: The risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is thought to depend on the degree of hyperglycemia, but the relation between the degree of hyperglycemia and urinary albumin excretion has not been defined.

Methods: We measured urinary albumin excretion in three random urine samples obtained at least one month apart from 1613 patients with IDDM. Microalbuminuria or overt albuminuria was considered to be present if the ratio of albumin (in micrograms) to creatinine (in milligrams) was 17 to 299 or > or = 300, respectively, for men and 25 to 299 or > or = 300, respectively, for women.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of in vivo recombinants between bacteriophage lambda DNA and pBR322.

The nucleotide sequences involved in the illegitimate recombination of four recombinants between bacteriophage lambda DNA and pBR322 in E. coli (lambda TA6, lambda KA3, lambda TA1R, and lambda KA7) were determined. Each resulted from recombination between regions of homology of 10 to 13 base pairs.