Proposed mechanism of cardiovascular responses for bolus injection of epinephrine from epinephrine autoinjectors.

Two cases demonstrate the effects of presumed intra-blood bolus injections from an autoinjector with rapid epinephrine concentrations of > 2000 pg/mL, resulting in increases in systolic blood pressure to >200 mmHg.

Development of , an Epinephrine Nasal Spray, for Severe Allergic Reactions.

Epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs) are used for the treatment of severe allergic reactions in a community setting; however, their utility is limited by low prescription fulfillment rates, failure to carry, and failure to use due to fear of needles. Given that delayed administration of epinephrine is associated with increased morbidity/mortality, there has been a growing interest in developing needle-free, easy-to-use delivery devices. (epinephrine nasal spray) consists of three Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved components: epinephrine, Intravail A3 (absorption enhancer), and a Unit Dose Spray (UDS).