Calcination-based direct extraction of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone waste.

The main chemical components of waste cow bones are apatite minerals, especially those containing calcium and phosphorus. This study investigated whether this bone could produce extracted hydroxyapatite through calcining at 900° C for different holding times (1-6 h). An average mass loss of 45% occurred in this experiment during the preparation of bone powders, which involved crushing and further calcining at this temperature.