Production, composition and toxicology studies of Enzogenol® Pinus radiata bark extract.

Enzogenol® pine bark extract is a dietary supplement and food ingredient produced by water extraction of Pinus radiata. We present production method, composition, and safety data from rat and dog toxicological and human clinical studies. The dry powder contains proanthocyanidins (>80%), taxifolin (1-2%), other flavonoids and phenolic acids (up to 8%), and carbohydrates (5-10%).

Expression of IFITM1 in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.

We investigated the peripheral blood gene expression profile of interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) in sixty chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients classified according to new prognostic score (NPS). IFITM1 is a component of a multimeric complex involved in the trunsduction of antiproliferative and cell adhesion signals. Expression level of IFITM1 was found significantly different between the high- and low-risk groups (P = 9.

Thrombomodulin RNA is destabilized through its 3'-untranslated element in cells exposed to IFN-gamma.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potent activator of mononuclear phagocytes, allowing them to play a prominent role in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. IFN-gamma binding to its cell surface receptor initiates changes in the steady-state levels of cellular RNAs, permitting the proteins encoded by these RNAs to exert its biologic actions. Hundreds of cellular RNAs have been identified whose rates of transcription are altered by incubation of cells with IFNs.

Heterogeneity in control of mRNA stability by AU-rich elements.

AU-rich elements (AREs), located in the 3'-untranslated region of unstable cytokine and chemokine mRNAs, promote rapid decay of otherwise stable mRNAs and may mediate selective mRNA stabilization in response to stimulation with interleukin-1 (IL-1). AREs vary considerably, however, in both size and sequence context. To assess the heterogeneity involved in control of mRNA stability by ARE motifs, human mRNA sequences from IL-1alpha-stimulated HEK293 cells and T98G cells were screened for either instability or stability using both cDNA (950 ARE containing sequences) and Affymetrix oligonucleotide (U95Av2 GeneChip) array analysis.

p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and -independent signaling of mRNA stability of AU-rich element-containing transcripts.

Adenylate/uridylate-rich element (ARE)-mediated mRNA turnover is an important regulatory component of gene expression for innate and specific immunity, in the hematopoietic system, in cellular growth regulation, and for many other cellular processes. This diversity is reflected in the distribution of AREs in the human genome, which we have established as a database of more than 900 ARE-containing genes that may utilize AREs as a means of controlling cellular mRNA levels. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway has been implicated in regulating the stability of nine ARE-containing transcripts.