The distribution of parent-reported autistic and subclinical ADHD traits in children with and without an autism diagnosis.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits often co-occur in autistic children. The presence of subclinical ADHD traits can significantly impact upon different aspects of daily living. As such, understanding the distribution of these traits in autistic children may have important implications for the validity of diagnostic tools and subsequent intervention choices.

Increasing Health Literacy on ADHD: A Cross-Disciplinary Integrative Review Examining the Impact of ADHD on Brain Maturation, Composition and Function and Cognitive Processes Across the Life Course.

There is a significant need to improve ADHD health literacy. This cross-disciplinary integrative review was conducted to synthesise the evidence on the impact ADHD has on brain maturation, composition and function as well as cognitive processes, across the life course. Although results are highly heterogenous, ADHD appears to be associated with (1) a significant delay in cortical maturation and differences in neuroanatomy that do not appear to fully resolve in adulthood, (2) atypical brain function, and (3) atypical cognitive processes.

Geometric influences on the regional organization of the mammalian brain.

The mammalian brain is comprised of anatomically and functionally distinct regions. Substantial work over the past century has pursued the generation of ever-more accurate maps of regional boundaries, using either expert judgement or data-driven clustering of functional, connectional, and/or architectonic properties. However, these approaches are often purely descriptive, have limited generalizability, and do not elucidate the underlying generative mechanisms that shape the regional organization of the brain.

The role of human intraparietal sulcus in evidence accumulation revealed by EEG and model-informed fMRI: IPS accumulates evidence during decision-making.

Sequential sampling models propose that the repeated sampling of sensory information is a fundamental component of perceptual decision-making. Electroencephalographic investigations in humans have demonstrated motor-independent representations of evidence accumulation, but such observations have seldom been made in neuroimaging studies exploring the neuroanatomical origins of evidence accumulation. Here, we aimed to reveal the neuroanatomical locus of sensory evidence accumulation in the human brain by regressing an electrophysiological marker of evidence accumulation (centroparietal positivity, CPP) against changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal during perceptual decision-making.

Neurophysiology of perceptual decision-making and its alterations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Despite the prevalence of ADHD, efforts to develop a detailed understanding of the neuropsychology of this neurodevelopmental condition are complicated by the diversity of interindividual presentations and the inability of current clinical tests to distinguish between its sensory, attentional, arousal or motoric contributions. Identifying objective methods that can explain the diverse performance profiles across individuals diagnosed with ADHD has been a long-held goal. Achieving this could significantly advance our understanding of etiological processes and potentially inform the development of personalized treatment approaches.