Cook's balloon versus dinoprostone for Labour induction of term pregnancies with fetal GROWth restriction: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in tertiary maternity hospitals in Spain (COLIGROW study).

Introduction: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects about 3%-5% of term pregnancies. If prenatally detected and anterograde umbilical artery flow is preserved (stage I), it is recommended to deliver at term (≥ 37+0 weeks). In the absence of contraindications, the vaginal route is preferred, and labour induction is usually required.

Monitoring and tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Asturias, Spain.

Mutational analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can quantify the relative importance of variants over time, enable dominant mutations to be identified, and facilitate near real-time detection, comparison and tracking of evolving variants. SARS-CoV-2 in Asturias, an autonomous community of Spain with a large ageing population, and high levels of migration and tourism, was monitored and tracked from the beginning of the pandemic in February 2020 until its decline and stabilization in August 2021, and samples were characterized using whole genomic sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Data held in the GISAID database were analysed to establish patterns in the appearance and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 strains.

The Fetal Growth Restriction at Term Managed by Angiogenic Factors Versus Feto-Maternal Doppler (GRAFD) Trial to Avoid Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Protocol for a Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Fetal smallness affects 10% of pregnancies. Small fetuses are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Their management using estimated fetal weight and feto-maternal Doppler has a high sensitivity for adverse outcomes; however, more than 60% of fetuses are electively delivered at 37 to 38 weeks.

Trend analysis and outlier distribution of CO and CH: A case study at a rural site in northern Spain.

CO and CH outliers may have a noticeable impact on the trend of both gases. Nine years of measurements since 2010 recorded at a rural site in northern Spain were used to investigate these outliers. Their influence on the trend was presented and two limits were established.

Influence of Wind Speed on CO and CH Concentrations at a Rural Site.

Meteorological variables have a noticeable impact on pollutant concentrations. Among these variables, wind speed is typically measured, although research into how pollutants respond to it can be improved. This study considers nine years of hourly CO and CH measurements at a rural site, where wind speed values were calculated by the METEX model.

Spatial analysis and evolution of four air pollutants in England and Wales.

Pollution control is based on an exhaustive knowledge of concentration distributions. This study analyses a detailed database of NO, O, PM and PM in England and Wales over the period 2007-2011. Daily and annual means were considered in a 1-km spatial resolution.

Key Points in Air Pollution Meteorology.

Although emissions have a direct impact on air pollution, meteorological processes may influence inmission concentration, with the only way to control air pollution being through the rates emitted. This paper presents the close relationship between air pollution and meteorology following the scales of atmospheric motion. In macroscale, this review focuses on the synoptic pattern, since certain weather types are related to pollution episodes, with the determination of these weather types being the key point of these studies.

Variability in the community consumption of antibiotics: a problem in Europe, Spain and Asturias.

Increasing bacterial resistance is strictly correlated to the increasing use of antibiotics, currently constituting a public health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the consumption of antibiotics in Asturias, an autonomous community in northwestern Spain, and compare the results obtained with data from elsewhere in Spain and other European countries. A descriptive study was carried out on the use of antibacterial drugs for systemic use, ATC code J01 in Asturias in 2011-2015.

CO spatio-temporal analysis in the Iberian Peninsula.

A comparison between monthly CO values calculated in the Iberian Peninsula and those measured during six years commencing on October 2010 in the centre of its upper plateau is presented. Gaussian and Epanechnikov kernels are used to calculate CO concentration and its growth rate in the study region from values at certain grid points. Slight spatial differences are obtained, revealing that both concentration and growth rate are nearly uniform in the region.

Analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations in an Urban Atmosphere in Northern Spain.

This work analyses levels of particles PM10 and PM2.5 recorded at four air-quality monitoring stations located in the urban area of Valladolid (Spain) during 2015-2016. To achieve this, the evolution of particle concentrations at different time scales was determined.

The influence of meteorological variables on CO and CH trends recorded at a semi-natural station.

CO and CH evolution is usually linked with sources, sinks and their changes. However, this study highlights the role of meteorological variables. It aims to quantify their contribution to the trend of these greenhouse gases and to determine which contribute most.

Successful sulfur recovery in low sulfurate compounds obtained from the zinc industry: Evaporation-condensation method.

The improvement of an evaporation-condensation method allows for successful recovery of elemental sulfur from sulfide concentrates from the zinc industry. Elemental sulfur can be obtained with this method in samples with a low (60%) sulfur content. The effects of heating temperature between 150°C and 250°C and heating time up to 120min on the recovery of sulfur are also studied.

Temporal patterns of CO and CH in a rural area in northern Spain described by a harmonic equation over 2010-2016.

The present paper seeks to improve our knowledge concerning the evolution of CO and CH in terms of monthly trends, growth rate and seasonal variations in the lower atmosphere. Dry continuous measurements of CO and the CH mixing ratio were carried out over five and a half years (from 15 October 2010 to 29 February 2016) by multi-point sampling at 1.8, 3.

Acanthamoeba spp. in Contact Lenses from Healthy Individuals from Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a painful and potentially blinding corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba spp. In Madrid, environmental studies have demonstrated a high presence of these free-living amoebae in tap water. Since most of AK cases occur in contact lenses (CL) wearers with inadequate hygiene habits, the presence of Acanthamoeba in discarded CL has been studied and compared with other common etiological agents of keratitis, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Influence of atmospheric stability and transport on CH4 concentrations in northern Spain.

Continuous methane (CH4) concentrations were measured in Northern Spain over two years (2011-2012) by multi-point sampling at 1.8, 3.7 and 8.

An experimental relationship between airflow and carbon dioxide concentrations at a rural site.

The influence of airflow on CO2 concentrations is considered. Two years of measurements recorded with a Picarro G1301 analyser during the night at a rural site were used. Three concentration groups were formed and were related to wind speed.

Cluster analysis applied to CO₂ concentrations at a rural site.

In rural environments, atmospheric CO2 is mainly controlled by natural processes such as respiration-photosynthesis or low atmosphere evolution. This paper considers atmospheric CO2 measurements obtained at a rural site during 2011 using the wavelength-scanned cavity ringdown spectroscopy technique and presents two clustering methods, the silhouette being calculated to evaluate procedure validity. In the first method, clusters were formed depending on the similarity of wind roses, with satisfactory silhouette values.

Analysis of carbon dioxide concentration skewness at a rural site.

This paper provides evidence that symmetry of CO2 concentration distribution may indicate sources or dispersive processes. Skewness was calculated by different procedures with CO2 measured at a rural site using a Picarro G1301 analyser over a two-year period. The usual skewness coefficient was considered together with fourteen robust estimators.

CH4 continuous measurements in the upper Spanish plateau.

Continuous methane, CH4, concentrations were measured in a rural area of the upper Spanish plateau from June 2010 to May 2012 by cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique. The results obtained have proven the local impact of anthropogenic nearby sources on CH4 concentrations, and evidence a significant influence on the overall mean, averaged daily and seasonal patterns recorded at the measuring site. The positive anomalies in CH4 concentrations, statistically significant at 95 %, in the southeast sector, defined here as ESE, SE, SSE and S sectors, have been attributed to the contribution of the Valladolid urban plume and the urban landfill.

Carbon dioxide at an unpolluted site analysed with the smoothing kernel method and skewed distributions.

CO₂ concentrations recorded for two years using a Picarro G1301 analyser at a rural site were studied applying two procedures. Firstly, the smoothing kernel method, which to date has been used with one linear and another circular variable, was used with pairs of circular variables: wind direction, time of day, and time of year, providing that the daily cycle was the prevailing cyclical evolution and that the highest concentrations were justified by the influence of one nearby city source, which was only revealed by directional analysis. Secondly, histograms were obtained, and these revealed most observations to be located between 380 and 410 ppm, and that there was a sharp contrast during the year.

Spatial analysis of CO2 concentration in an unpolluted environment in northern Spain.

CO(2) transport in the low atmosphere near the surface at night was analysed using spatial procedures applied to back trajectories. Concentration and meteorological data were obtained at a rural site during a seven and a half month campaign. Daily evolution of CO(2) skewness showed positive values during the night and negative values during the day.

Analysis of CO2 daily cycle in the low atmosphere at a rural site.

Directional analysis procedures were extended to study the CO(2) daily cycle in the low atmosphere at a rural site. Weighted average, asymmetric circular functions, and conditional probability curves were applied to concentrations recorded at three levels near surface. Wind speed and potential temperature gradient were the meteorological variables used to establish a link to CO(2).

Analysis and fit of surface CO2 concentrations at a rural site.

Purpose: The impact of CO(2) urban plume in a rural area was investigated by concentrations recorded near surface.

Methods: CO(2) dry concentrations at three levels near surface were recorded for about 8 months at a rural site. Daily cycles were obtained and directional analysis was made with percentiles.

Differences between carbon dioxide levels over suburban and rural sites in Northern Spain.

Purpose: A comparison between suburban and rural atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in Northern Spain is made.

Method: Measurements were carried out from April 2006 to November 2007 using MIR 9000 continuous analyzers based on the infrared technique. Two locations were established: a suburban site in Valladolid, a medium-sized city, and a rural location at CIBA, approximately 24 km northwest of Valladolid.