Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study: the Multiethnic Cohort.

Objective: Dietary fat, including specific fatty acids, has been proposed to contribute to prostate cancer pathogenesis, but findings from the studies based on biomarkers have been conflicting.

Methods: We examined the association between erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study within a multiethnic cohort of African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Analyses included 376 cases and 729 matched controls.

Intraindividual variability in serum micronutrients: effects on reliability of estimated parameters.

Background: Although serum measures of micronutrients are more specific than questionnaires in quantifying nutritional status, the reliability of serum measures depends on between- and within-person variability of circulating micronutrient levels. The extent to which multiple samples per person might improve reliability is useful information for planning studies and interpreting results.

Methods: We analyzed levels of 25 micronutrients in serum samples taken from 381 Hawaii women at 4-month intervals.

Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies.

Background: Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions.

Methods And Findings: We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively.

Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Background: It is uncertain whether or not vegetables, fruit, or grains protect against colorectal cancer.

Objective: In a large prospective study, we investigated the association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer risk.

Design: Between 1993 and 1996, 85 903 men and 105 108 women completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that included approximately 180 foods and beverages in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Genetic polymorphisms in the Paraoxonase 1 gene and risk of ovarian epithelial carcinoma.

Oxidative stress during successive ovulations increases the opportunity for DNA damage to ovarian epithelial cells and the potential for malignant transformation. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an endogenous free radical scavenger that reduces oxidative stress. The association of two common functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs854560 T>A and rs662 A>G, with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer was examined in a population-based case-control study in Hawaii.

Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene and the risk of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Ovarian cancer is influenced by exogenous and endogenous estrogens as suggested by experimental and epidemiological evidence. Estrogen receptor beta is a predominant estrogen receptor in the normal ovary. Polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) might influence epithelial ovarian risk through regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Legume and isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Findings from studies of legume, soy and isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk are as yet inconclusive, although soy has received considerable attention due to its high phytoestrogen content. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship of these dietary exposures to prostate cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles. The analyses included 82,483 men who completed a detailed quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-1996.

Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples.

We examined the transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 25 heterosexual, monogamous couples (25 men, 25 women), followed up over an average of 7.5 months. A total of 53 heterosexual transmission events were observed among 16 couples (14 male-to-female and 39 female-to male).

Oral antibiotics decrease urinary isoflavonoid excretion in children after soy consumption.

How oral antibiotics (OABX) alter isoflavones (IFLs) in soy-consuming children is unknown. We evaluated OABX effects on urinary IFL excretion rates (UIERs) in 17 children, ages 4 to 17 yr, who provided 2 urine collections in pairs of a baseline urine and an overnight urine collection after consuming a body-weight-adjusted dose of soy nuts. The first collection was during OABX treatment for a bacterial infection and the second when healthy and off antibiotics.

Acquisition of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women: the Hawaii HPV Cohort study.

Background: The majority of anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, yet little is known about women's risk of acquisition of anal HPV infection.

Methods: Risk factors for the acquisition of anal HPV infection were examined in a longitudinal cohort study of 431 women, via repeated measurement of HPV DNA.

Results: Seventy percent of women were positive for anal HPV infection at one or more clinic visits from baseline through a follow-up period that averaged 1.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and diet on the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii.

Objective: The risk factors most strongly associated with gastric cancer are the gastric bacteria Helicobacter pylori and diet. Utilizing data from a case-control study among residents in Hawaii, we examined the association of diet, presence of H. pylori, and non-cardia gastric cancer risk.

The prevalence of obesity in ethnic admixture adults.

Objective: To determine whether the prevalence of obesity in ethnic admixture adults varies systematically from the average of the prevalence estimates for the ethnic groups with whom they share a common ethnicity.

Methods And Procedures: The sample included 215,000 adults who reported one or more ethnicities, height, weight, and other characteristics through a mailed survey.

Results: The highest age-adjusted prevalence of overweight (BMI>or=25) was in Hawaiian/Latino men (88%; n=41) and black/Latina women (74.

Correlates of problematic eating behaviors in less acculturated Latinas.

We examined whether body weight, depression, and body dissatisfaction could predict problematic eating behaviors in a community sample of less acculturated adult Latina women. Three hundred and forty-nine Latina women ages 20-40 were classified as non-overeater (n=244), eating disorder not otherwise specified-binge eating disorder features (EDNOS-BED) (n=65), or eating disorder not otherwise specified-bulimia nervosa features (EDNOS-BN) (n=40). Participants completed measures of problematic eating behaviors, depression, and body image.

The effect of multiple mailings on recruitment: the Multiethnic Cohort.

Background: The current study considers potential nonresponse bias and data quality issues in the Multiethnic Cohort, a prospective study of lifestyle-cancer associations among adults ages 45 to 75 years from five ethnic groups in Hawaii and California.

Methods: We examined determinants of early versus later response to the baseline questionnaire using logistic regression with response wave regressed on measures of demographics, history of illness, health behaviors, medication, and supplement use.

Results: Participants who were more health conscious tended to respond earlier.

Combined oral contraceptive use and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: time-related effects.

Background: Although the protective effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) use against epithelial ovarian cancer is well-established, there remain gaps in our understanding of the contributions of time-related characteristics of OC use to risk.

Methods: This population-based case-control study, carried out in Hawaii and Los Angeles 1993-2006, included 813 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer and 992 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression.

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and epithelial ovarian cancer risk.

Epidemiologic and laboratory studies support a role for the vitamin D endocrine system in ovarian carcinogenesis. The association of ovarian cancer risk with polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, including rs10735810 (FokI), rs11568820 (Cdx-2), rs1544410 (BsmI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs731236 (TaqI), and BsmI-ApaI-TaqI combined genotypes, was examined among 313 women with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 574 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression.

Lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease in a multiethnic population: an analysis of two prospective studies over a 20-year period.

Objective: This study investigated changes in risk factors in Hawaii over 20 years and compared health behaviors among ethnic groups with well-documented differences in disease risk.

Design: Comparison of scores of a Chronic Disease Risk Index (CDRI) in the population of two large population-based cohorts.

Participants: The respective sample sizes for the two cohorts were 19,319 and 97,746 persons ages > or = 40 years of White, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Native Hawaiian ancestry.

Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Background: Because elevated blood glucose concentrations have been shown to be associated with greater risk of pancreatic cancer, a high dietary glycemic load, which is based on an empirical measure of blood glucose response after food consumption, has been hypothesized as a pancreatic cancer risk factor. However, results so far are scarce and inconsistent.

Objective: We analyzed data for 162 150 participants in the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study to investigate associations between glycemic load, dietary carbohydrates, sucrose, fructose, total sugars, and added sugars and the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy product intake and prostate cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

High intakes of calcium and dairy products have been suggested to be related to prostate cancer risk. Such associations were examined in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (1993-2002) among 82,483 men who completed a detailed quantitative food frequency questionnaire. During a mean follow-up of 8 years, 4,404 total cases of prostate cancer were identified.

Mammographic density and dietary patterns: the multiethnic cohort.

We examined the association of breast cancer risk as assessed by mammographic density with dietary patterns in a case-control study nested within the Hawaii component of the multiethnic cohort. This analysis included 3512 prediagnostic mammograms from 1250 premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Mammographic density of the breast was quantified by a computer-assisted assessment method.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort.

Previous studies on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and breast cancer have produced mixed results. Incident invasive cases of breast cancer from the Multiethnic Cohort (African Americans, Caucasians, Japanese Americans, Latinas, and Native Hawaiians from Hawaii and California) were identified from 1993 to 2002. Data on aspirin, acetaminophen, and other NSAID (ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin) use were based on a self-administered questionnaire at baseline (1993-1996).

Flavonols and pancreatic cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Only a few prospective studies have investigated flavonols as risk factors for cancer, none of which has included pancreatic cancer. The latter is usually fatal, rendering knowledge about prevention particularly important. The authors estimated intakes of three flavonols-quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin-for 183,518 participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study and examined associations with incidence of pancreatic cancer.

Body mass index in monoracial and multiracial adults: results from the multiethnic cohort study.

Objective: This study will determine if the body mass index (BMI) of individuals with an ethnic admixture varies systematically from that of the ethnic groups with whom they share a common ethnicity or race.

Design And Participants: The mean BMI and obesity levels of adults (n>200,000) who reported a single ethnicity (monoracial) were compared to adults with up to three ethnic admixtures.

Main Outcome Measure: Body mass index.

Identifying latent classes of adults at risk for skin cancer based on constitutional risk and sun protection behavior.

Objective: This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify homogeneous subgroups of individuals at risk for skin cancer on the basis of their risk factors and sun protection habits to understand patterns of sun exposure and sun protection behaviors.

Method: Adults (n = 725), screened to be at risk for skin cancer, were recruited through primary care physicians and completed the mailed baseline survey as part of a skin cancer prevention trial. LCA was used to identify homogeneous subgroups, on the basis of skin cancer risk and usual sun habits, by sex.