Therapeutic Medications and Illicit Medications and Supplements.

This article provides information on the toxicity of some therapeutic drugs, illicit drugs, and supplements. Medications in the therapeutic section are grouped into antibiotics, antipsychotic agents, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and sedatives/tranquilizers. The section on illicit drugs and supplements provides information on more specific medications including commonly used or abused human medications and a few that are available only from Internet compounding pharmacies.

Suspected intermediate syndrome in a dog after organophosphate poisoning.

Objective: To discuss the clinical presentation and successful treatment of a suspected case of intermediate syndrome due to organophosphate (OP) poisoning in a dog.

Case Summary: Two dogs presented with acute cholinergic signs after ingesting an OP insecticide containing 50% acephate. Clinical signs consistent with acute cholinergic crisis resolved in both dogs within 24 hours postingestion.

A retrospective evaluation of hops ingestion in 177 dogs (2005-2018).

Objective: To describe the clinical signs and outcomes observed after Humulus lupulus (hops) ingestion in dogs. A secondary objective was to note any trends in the number of hops-related phone calls made to an animal poison control center over a 13-year period.

Design: Retrospective study (2005-2018).

Alpha lipoic acid toxicosis in cats (2008-2016): Four cases.

Objective: To review clinical signs, treatments, and outcome of 4 cases in cats after ingestion of alpha lipoic acid.

Case Series Summary: Four cases with known alpha lipoic acid ingestions developed clinical signs. A consistent clinical sign in all cases was vomiting, while 2 of the 4 cases resulted in death.

Risks of exposure to liquid laundry detergent pods compared to traditional laundry detergents in dogs.

Objective: To calculate risk differences of traditional laundry detergents as compared to pods, describe clinical signs expected from exposure, and outline commonly employed treatment options.

Design: Retrospective review of cases reported to Pet Poison Helpline (PPH) from the dates of March 1, 2012 to March 1, 2015.

Setting: The computer database of the PPH, an international animal poison control center.

L- and D-threo ethylphenidate concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in horses.

Ethylphenidate is a psychostimulant and analog of the commonly prescribed compound, methylphenidate (Ritalin®). There are a limited number of studies describing the disposition and pharmacologic/toxicological effects of ethylphenidate in any species. The abuse potential in equine athletes along with the limited data available regarding administration in horses necessitates further study.

Mirabegron Toxicosis in Dogs: a Retrospective Study.

Mirabegron is a selective beta (B) adrenoreceptor agonist marketed for human treatment of an overactive bladder (OAB). It has a wide margin of safety in humans, but in dogs, severe adverse effects have occurred. We sought to determine the effects and outcome of mirabegron toxicosis in dogs.

Acute Hepatic Failure in a Dog after Xylitol Ingestion.

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol produced from natural resources frequently used as a sugar substitute for humans. We report the development and successful treatment of acute hepatic failure and coagulopathy in a dog after xylitol ingestion. A 9-year-old 4.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) toxicosis in cats: 33 cases (2004-2010).

Objective: To evaluate a population of cats with selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) toxicosis and characterize the population affected, list products ingested, the clinical signs observed, treatments performed, length of hospitalization, patient outcome, and overall prognosis.

Design: Retrospective study from 2004 to 2010.

Setting: Referral veterinary center.

Retrospective evaluation of toxicosis from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants: 313 dogs (2005-2010).

Objective: To evaluate a clinical population of dogs exposed to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant medications and describe the clinical findings, epidemiological characteristics, outcome, and prognosis.

Design: Retrospective study (February 1, 2005-August 31, 2010).

Setting: Animal poison control helpline.

Baclofen toxicosis in dogs and cats: 145 cases (2004-2010).

Objective: To identify dogs and cats with baclofen toxicosis and characterize the patient population, clinical signs, and outcome.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: 140 dogs and 5 cats with baclofen toxicosis.

Clinical signs of cardiovascular effects secondary to suspected pimobendan toxicosis in five dogs.

The purpose of this study was to review the medical records of dogs that were either suspected or known to have ingested large doses of pimobendan and to describe the clinical signs associated with pimobendan toxicosis. The database of Pet Poison Helpline, an animal poison control center located in Minneapolis, MN, was searched for cases involving pimobendan toxicosis from Nov 2004 to Apr 2010. In total, 98 cases were identified.

Sleep aid toxicosis in dogs: 317 cases (2004-2010).

Objective: To summarize the signalment, clinical signs observed, time to onset of clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and the outcome in a large case series of nonbenzodiazepine sleep aid ingestions in dogs, including 2 sleep aids that have not been previously described in the veterinary literature.

Design: Retrospective study conducted between 2004 and 2010.

Setting: An animal poison control center based out of Bloomington, MN.

Phenylpropanolamine toxicosis in dogs: 170 cases (2004?2009).

Objective: To evaluate signalment, clinical signs, dose ingested, treatment requirements, duration of hospitalization, and outcome of dogs exposed to phenylpropanolamine.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: 170 dogs with potential PPA toxicosis evaluated between 2004 and 2009.

Potential zinc phosphide rodenticide toxicosis in dogs: 362 cases (2004-2009).

Objective: To evaluate records of dogs exposed to zinc phosphide rodenticides and characterize the patient population, including breed, sex, age, body weight, time since exposure, development of clinical signs, clinical signs observed, treatments performed, veterinary care received, outcome, and overall prognosis.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: 362 dogs with presumed zinc phosphide exposure.

Corneal ulceration in a dog following exposure to the defensive spray of a walkingstick insect (Anisomorpha spp.).

Objective: To describe a case of corneal ulceration in a dog resulting from ocular exposure to the defensive spray of a walkingstick insect (Anisomorpha spp.).

Case Summary: A 4-year-old, male Chihuahua in southeastern Louisiana presented to an emergency veterinary hospital approximately 20 hours after it was witnessed to have come in close proximity to a walkingstick insect.

The use of intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote in veterinary toxicology.

Objective: To review the use of IV lipid emulsion (ILE) for the treatment of toxicities related to fat-soluble agents; evaluate current human and veterinary literature; and to provide proposed guidelines for the use of this emerging therapy in veterinary medicine and toxicology.

Data Sources: Human and veterinary medical literature.

Human Data Synthesis: Human data are composed mostly of case reports describing the response to treatment with ILE as variant from mild improvement to complete resolution of clinical signs, which is suspected to be due to the variability of lipid solubility of the drugs.

Tobacco and cigarette butt consumption in humans and animals.

Discarded cigarette butts may present health risks to human infants and animals because of indiscriminate eating behaviours. Nicotine found in cigarette butts may cause vomiting and neurological toxicity; leachates of cigarette butts in aquatic environments may cause exposure to additional toxic chemicals including heavy metals, ethyl phenol and pesticide residues. This report reviews published and grey literature regarding cigarette butt waste consumption by children, pets and wildlife.

Adverse effects associated with inadvertent intravenous penicillin G procaine-penicillin G benzathine administration in two dogs and a cat.

Case Description: 2 dogs and a cat were inadvertently given penicillin G procaine-penicillin G benzathine IV instead of propofol during induction of anesthesia for routine dental prophylaxis. One dog and the cat required hospitalization because of severe neurologic impairment and cardiopulmonary arrest (cat); the remaining dog did not develop any clinical signs.

Clinical Findings: In the 2 animals that developed signs consistent with an immediate adverse reaction, clinical signs included muscle tremors, seizures, blindness, vocalization, agitation, and transient loss of vision.

Toxicology of newer pesticides for use in dogs and cats.

The past 10 years have witnessed the development of several new insecticides that have been specifically designed to exploit physiologic differences between insects and mammals. This has resulted in products that seem to have a wide margin of safety when used in dogs and cats. Compared with the more acutely toxic organophosphorous, carbamate, and heavy metal insecticides as well as with the environmental problems of bioaccumulation associated with some of the organochlorine insecticides, these newer insecticides such as fipronil, imidacloprid, selamectin, lufenuron, and nitenpyram seem to alleviate these known problems while still providing satisfactory insecticidal activity.