Mapping threatened Thai bovids provides opportunities for improved conservation outcomes in Asia.

Wild bovids provide important ecosystem functions as seed dispersers and vegetation modifiers. Five wild bovids remain in Thailand: gaur (), banteng (), wild water buffalo (), mainland serow () and Chinese goral (). Their populations and habitats have declined substantially and become fragmented by land-use change.

Service Readiness for Safe Abortion Services.

 Health service readiness is a prerequisite to accessing quality services. This study analyzes the readiness of health facilities in Nepal to provide comprehensive abortion services by focusing on the availability and quality of care.   Methods:  This is a cross-sectional study, and a multi-stage sampling approach was used to select health facilities.

An Estimate of Abortion Incidence and Unintended Pregnancies.

Background: After the legalization of abortion in Nepal, there has been remarkable changes in policies and service delivery. However, even after two decades of legalization, access to and use of safe abortion services remains limited. The objective of this study is to estimate the incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancies in Nepal.

Autistic pupils' experiences in primary and post-primary schools: A scoping review and consultation with autistic pupils in Ireland.

Background And Aims: Autistic pupils have the right to be heard in matters concerning their education and to be active agents in shaping their school experiences. Despite this, educational policies and research have rarely included the voices of autistic children, failing to identify what they consider to be beneficial and meaningful in their own education. This study aimed to (i) summarise existing literature exploring autistic pupils' experiences at school from their own perspectives and (ii) identify gaps for future research through a consultation with autistic pupils.

CamTrapAsia: A dataset of tropical forest vertebrate communities from 239 camera trapping studies.

Information on tropical Asian vertebrates has traditionally been sparse, particularly when it comes to cryptic species inhabiting the dense forests of the region. Vertebrate populations are declining globally due to land-use change and hunting, the latter frequently referred as "defaunation." This is especially true in tropical Asia where there is extensive land-use change and high human densities.

Development of data processing algorithm to calculate adherence for adults with cystic fibrosis using inhaled therapy - a multi-center observational study within the CFHealthHub learning health system.

Objectives: To develop a robust algorithm to accurately calculate 'daily complete dose counts' for inhaled medicines, used in percent adherence calculations, from electronically-captured nebulizer data within the CFHealthHub Learning Health System.

Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional study involved participants and clinicians reviewing real-world inhaled medicine usage records and triangulating them with objective nebulizer data to establish a consensus on 'daily complete dose counts.' An algorithm, which used only objective nebulizer data, was then developed using a derivation dataset and evaluated using internal validation dataset.

The risk of venous thromboembolism in atopic dermatitis: a matched cohort analysis in UK primary care.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition. While other chronic inflammatory conditions are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), associations between AD and VTE have not been established.

Objectives: We examined whether AD is associated with an increased risk of VTE in a population-based study.

Data-Resource Profile: United Kingdom Optimum Patient Care Research Database.

Introduction: Electronic medical records (EMRs) maintained in primary care in the UK and collected and stored in EMR databases offer a world-leading resource for observational clinical research. We aimed to profile one such database: the Optimum Patient Care Research Database (OPCRD).

Methods And Participants: The OPCRD, incepted in 2010, is a growing primary care EMR database collecting data from 992 general practices within the UK.

Evaluation of the impact of human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis on new human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aims: The national PrEP programme launched in Ireland in November 2019 with tenofovir/emtricitabine free to those meeting eligibility criteria. We assessed the impact of the first year of the PrEP programme on new HIV diagnoses in the largest sexual health and HIV service in Ireland.

Methods: A free PrEP service was established in November 2019.

Sibling involvement in interventions for children with a disability: a systematic review.

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of the involvement of siblings of individuals with a disability in therapeutic interventions to explore (a) sibling roles, (b) reported outcomes related to participant skills, interactions, or relationships, and (c) participant experiences.

Methods: A search of popular databases and grey literature was completed identifying studies published in English from 1999-2020. In total, 14,815 citations were extracted.

Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in Ireland among blood donors, men who have sex with men, and heterosexual genitourinary medicine and infectious diseases clinic attendees.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) seroprevalence varies geographically and between subpopulations. High seroprevalence rates have been ascribed to men who have sex with men (MSM), African migrants, and HIV-infected individuals. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in an Irish population, including specific risk groups.

Histological validation of a type 1 diabetes clinical diagnostic model for classification of diabetes.

Aims: Misclassification of diabetes is common due to an overlap in the clinical features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Combined diagnostic models incorporating clinical and biomarker information have recently been developed that can aid classification, but they have not been validated using pancreatic pathology. We evaluated a clinical diagnostic model against histologically defined type 1 diabetes.

Logistic regression has similar performance to optimised machine learning algorithms in a clinical setting: application to the discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults.

Background: There is much interest in the use of prognostic and diagnostic prediction models in all areas of clinical medicine. The use of machine learning to improve prognostic and diagnostic accuracy in this area has been increasing at the expense of classic statistical models. Previous studies have compared performance between these two approaches but their findings are inconsistent and many have limitations.

Development and validation of multivariable clinical diagnostic models to identify type 1 diabetes requiring rapid insulin therapy in adults aged 18-50 years.

Objective: To develop and validate multivariable clinical diagnostic models to assist distinguishing between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 18-50.

Design: Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop classification models integrating five pre-specified predictor variables, including clinical features (age of diagnosis, body mass index) and clinical biomarkers (GADA and Islet Antigen 2 islet autoantibodies, Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score), to identify type 1 diabetes with rapid insulin requirement using data from existing cohorts.

Setting: UK cohorts recruited from primary and secondary care.

Notes from the field: political norm change for abortion in Pakistan.

This commentary describes positive political norm change on abortion despite a restrictive abortion law. As we describe it, the approach in Pakistan has involved careful efforts to maintain government ownership, leadership, and accountability for safe abortion care and service delivery by Pakistani health authorities early and throughout, with technical support from civil society as requested. This commentary suggests that careful collaboration and mutual support by NGOs working on expanding access to abortion can have a lasting and efficient impact on improving political norms and government ownership over abortion care.

Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: Late-onset type 1 diabetes can be difficult to identify. Measurement of endogenous insulin secretion using C-peptide provides a gold standard classification of diabetes type in longstanding diabetes that closely relates to treatment requirements. We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of type 1 diabetes defined by severe endogenous insulin deficiency after age 30 and assess whether these individuals are identified and managed as having type 1 diabetes in clinical practice.

Multidrug-resistant isolate, belonging to the internationally spreading Japanese FC428 clone, with ceftriaxone resistance and intermediate resistance to azithromycin, Ireland, August 2018.

We describe a multidrug-resistant urethritis case with ceftriaxone resistance and azithromycin intermediate resistance in a heterosexual man in Ireland, August 2018. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the isolate IR72 belongs to the internationally spreading multidrug-resistant ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clade, initially described in Japan in 2015. IR72 was assigned MSLT ST1903, NG-MAST ST17842 and NG-STAR type 1133, including the ceftriaxone resistance-mediating 60.

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an HIV-positive man with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia.

The management of critically ill human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is challenging; however, intensive care unit-related mortality has declined significantly in recent years. There are 10 case reports in the literature of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use in HIV-positive patients, of whom seven survived to hospital discharge. We describe a 33-year-old Brazilian man who presented with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and severe hypoxic respiratory failure.

Factors associated with non-retention in HIV care in an era of widespread antiretroviral therapy.

In an era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-1-infected patients, our primary aim was to describe prevalence and characteristics of patients disengaged from care at an urban ambulatory HIV clinic. We conducted a nested case-control study. All patients who disengaged from care (defined as being lost to follow-up for at least one year) from 2007 to 2014 inclusive were identified.

Conservation focus: the challenge of conservation in changing tropical southeast asia.

Southeast Asia is a biodiversity hotspot where the risk of extinction for many vertebrates is high (Duckworth et al. 2012) due to the loss and degradation of habitats resulting from burgeoning human populations and economies, expansion of agricultural development, and unsustainable harvest of wildlife and other natural resources (Sodhi et al. 2010).

HPV vaccine acceptability in HIV-infected and HIV negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ireland.

Background Men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly HIV-infected MSM are disproportionately affected by HPV infection and associated disease. The HPV vaccine has potential to greatly reduce the burden of HPV-associated disease including anal cancer in MSM. The efficacy of the HPV vaccine is dependent on high levels of vaccine uptake.

Where and how are roads endangering mammals in Southeast Asia's forests?

Habitat destruction and overhunting are two major drivers of mammal population declines and extinctions in tropical forests. The construction of roads can be a catalyst for these two threats. In Southeast Asia, the impacts of roads on mammals have not been well-documented at a regional scale.