The Future Healthy Countdown 2030 consensus statement: core policy actions and measures to achieve improvements in the health and wellbeing of children, young people and future generations.

Introduction: This consensus statement recommends eight high-level trackable policy actions most likely to significantly improve health and wellbeing for children and young people by 2030. These policy actions include an overarching policy action and span seven interconnected domains that need to be adequately resourced for every young person to thrive: Material basics; Valued, loved and safe; Positive sense of identity and culture; Learning and employment pathways; Healthy; Participating; and Environments and sustainable futures.

Main Recommendations: Provide financial support to invest in families with young children and address poverty and material deprivation in the first 2000 days of life.

Air pollution is associated with persistent peanut allergy in the first 10 years.

Background: The role of air pollution in eczema and food allergy development remains understudied.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether exposure to air pollution is associated with eczema and food allergies in the first 10 years of life.

Methods: HealthNuts recruited a population-based sample of 1-year-old infants who were followed up at ages 4, 6, and 10 years.

Emotional symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers in childhood: Associations in two Australian birth cohorts.

Background: An increasing body of evidence supports associations between inflammation and mental health difficulties, but the onset and directionality of these relationships are unclear.

Methods: Data sources: Barwon Infant Study (BIS; n = 500 4-year-olds) and Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; n = 1099 10-13-year-olds).

Measures: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional symptoms at 4, 10-11 and 12-13 years, and circulating levels of two inflammatory biomarkers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), at 4 and 11-12 years.

Infant food allergy phenotypes and association with lung function deficits and asthma at age 6 years: a population-based, prospective cohort study in Australia.

Background: Food allergy is considered a precursor to asthma in the context of the atopic march, but the relationship between infant food allergy phenotypes and lung function and asthma in childhood is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between food sensitisation and challenge-confirmed food allergy in infancy, as well as persistent and resolved food allergy up to age 6 years, and the risk of lung function deficits and asthma at age 6 years.

Methods: The longitudinal, population-based HealthNuts cohort study in Melbourne, VIC, Australia, recruited 5276 infants children aged 1 year who attended council-run immunisation sessions between Sept 28, 2007, and Aug 5, 2011.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and polygenic risk for high BMI magnify obesity risk across childhood: a longitudinal, population, cohort study.

Background: Across the life course, socioeconomic disadvantage disproportionately afflicts those with genetic predispositions to inflammatory diseases. We describe how socioeconomic disadvantage and polygenic risk for high BMI magnify the risk of obesity across childhood, and using causal analyses, explore the hypothetical impact of intervening on socioeconomic disadvantage to reduce adolescent obesity.

Methods: Data were drawn from a nationally representative Australian birth cohort, with biennial data collection between 2004 and 2018 (research and ethics committee approved).

Greenness modifies the association between ambient air pollution and cognitive function in Australian adolescents, but not in mid-life adults.

Unlabelled: Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with reduced cognitive function in childhood and later life, with too few mid-life studies to draw conclusions. In contrast, residential greenness has been associated with enhanced cognitive function throughout the lifecourse. Here we examine the extent to which (1) ambient air pollution and residential greenness predict later cognitive function in adolescence and mid-life, and (2) greenness modifies air pollution-cognitive function associations.

The effect of adverse and positive experiences on inflammatory markers in Australian and UK children.

Background: The relationship between childhood adversity and inflammation is well-established. Examination of positive experiences can provide a more complete understanding of intervention opportunities. We investigated associations of adverse and positive experiences, and their intersection, with inflammation in children and adolescents.

Association between maternal adversity, DNA methylation, and cardiovascular health of offspring: a longitudinal analysis of the ALSPAC cohort study.

Objectives: Maternal adversity during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with some health outcomes in the offspring. This study investigated the association of maternal adversity during pregnancy and DNA methylation with offspring cardiovascular (CV) health.

Design: Longitudinal observational cohort study SETTING: All pregnant residents in county Avon (∼0.

The association between environmental greenness and the risk of food allergy: A population-based study in Melbourne, Australia.

Background: While exposure to environmental greenness in childhood has shown mixed associations with the development of allergic disease, the relationship with food allergy has not been explored. We investigated the association between exposure to environmental greenness and challenge-confirmed food allergy in a large population-based cohort.

Methods: The HealthNuts study recruited 5276 12-month-old infants in Melbourne, Australia, who underwent skin prick testing to peanut, egg, and sesame; infants with a detectable wheal underwent food challenges to determine food allergy status.

Maternal and Childhood Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Mental Health Symptoms and Psychomotor Development in Children: An Australian Population-Based Longitudinal Study.

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates early life exposure to air pollution, a suspected neurotoxicant, is negatively associated with children's neurodevelopment.

Objectives: To explore the role of multiple exposure periods to ambient particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) on emotion and behaviour, and early development in children <13 years.

The association between markers of inflammation and retinal microvascular parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background And Aims: Adverse changes to the microcirculation play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and inflammation is a key causal mechanism. We investigated the relationship between inflammatory markers and retinal microvascular parameters.

Methods: Studies up to April 2021 were identified in Medline, Embase and PubMed with the following terms: retinal microvascular parameters, inflammatory markers, and observational studies.

Exposure to adversity and inflammatory outcomes in mid and late childhood.

Background: We aimed to estimate the association between exposure to adversity and inflammatory markers in mid (4 years) and late (11-12 years) childhood, and whether effects differ by type and timing of exposure.

Methods: : Barwon Infant Study (BIS; N = 510 analyzed) and Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 1156 analyzed). : Adversity indicators assessed from 0 to 4 (BIS) and 0-11 years (LSAC): parent legal problems, mental illness and substance abuse, anger in parenting responses, separation/divorce, unsafe neighborhood, and family member death; a count of adversities; and, in LSAC only, early (0-3), middle (4-7), or later (10-11) initial exposure.

Parental Preconception Exposures to Outdoor Neighbourhood Environments and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Protocol for a Scoping Review and Evidence Map.

Parental preconception exposures to built and natural outdoor environments could influence pregnancy and birth outcomes either directly, or via a range of health-related behaviours and conditions. However, there is no existing review summarising the evidence linking natural and built characteristics, such as air and noise pollution, walkability, greenness with pregnancy and birth outcomes. Therefore, the planned scoping review aims to collate and map the published literature on parental preconception exposures to built and natural outdoor environments and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.

Goldilocks Days: optimising children's time use for health and well-being.

Background: One size rarely fits all in population health. Differing outcomes may compete for best allocations of time. Among children aged 11-12 years, we aimed to (1) describe optimal 24-hour time use for diverse physical, cognitive/academic and well-being outcomes, (2) pinpoint the 'Goldilocks Day' that optimises all outcomes and (3) develop a tool to customise time-use recommendations.

Backyard benefits? A cross-sectional study of yard size and greenness and children's physical activity and outdoor play.

Background: The home environment is the most important location in young children's lives, yet few studies have examined the relationship between the outdoor home environment and child physical activity levels, and even fewer have used objectively measured exposures and outcomes. This study examined relationships between objectively assessed home yard size and greenness, and child physical activity and outdoor play.

Methods: Data were drawn from the HealthNuts study, a longitudinal study of 5276 children in Melbourne, Australia.

Does an inflammatory diet affect mental well-being in late childhood and mid-life? A cross-sectional study.

Inflammatory diets are increasingly recognised as a modifiable determinant of mental illness. However, there is a dearth of studies in early life and across the full mental well-being spectrum (mental illness to positive well-being) at the population level. This is a critical gap given that inflammatory diet patterns and mental well-being trajectories typically establish by adolescence.

Diet quality trajectories and cardiovascular phenotypes/metabolic syndrome risk by 11-12 years.

Objective: To investigate associations between early-life diet trajectories and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic risk by age 12 years.

Methods: Participants were 1861 children (51% male) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. At five biennial waves from 2-3 to 10-11 years: Every 2 years from 2006 to 2014, diet quality scores were collected from brief 24-h parent/self-reported dietary recalls and then classified using group-based trajectory modeling as 'never healthy' (7%), 'becoming less healthy' (17%), 'moderately healthy' (21%), and 'always healthy' (56%).

Equivalence Curves for Healthy Lifestyle Choices.

Background: Understanding equivalence of time-use trade-offs may inform tailored lifestyle choices. We explored which time reallocations were associated with equivalent changes in children's health outcomes.

Methods: Participants were from the cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint Study ( = 1179; 11-12 years; 50% boys) nested within the population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.

Takeaway food, sugar-sweetened beverages and preclinical cardiometabolic phenotypes in children and adults.

Aims: To investigate relationships between takeaway food and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption with cardiometabolic phenotypes during childhood and mid-adulthood.

Method: Design: Cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint within the national population-representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants: 1838 children (mean age 11.