Avian flu: «for whom the bell tolls»?

The family consists of 9 genera, including which contains avian influenza viruses. In two subtypes H5 and H7 besides common low-virulent strains, a specific type of highly virulent avian virus have been described to cause more than 60% mortality among domestic birds. These variants of influenza virus are usually referred to as «avian influenza virus».

[130th anniversary of virology].

130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (18641920) discovered a new type of pathogen viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of life on Earth and for more than three billion years, as the biosphere evolved, they are included in interpopulation interactions with representatives of all kingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the Homo sapiens (Hominidae, Homininae). Discovery of D.

Physical Vapor Deposition Features of Ultrathin Nanocrystals of Bi(TeSe).

Structural and electronic properties of ultrathin nanocrystals of chalcogenide Bi(Te Se) were studied. The nanocrystals were formed from the parent compound BiTeSe on as-grown and thermally oxidized Si(100) substrates using Ar-assisted physical vapor deposition, resulting in well-faceted single crystals several quintuple layers thick and a few hundreds nanometers large. The chemical composition and structure of the nanocrystals were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron backscattering, and X-ray diffraction.

Photonic heat transport in three terminal superconducting circuit.

We report an experimental realization of a three-terminal photonic heat transport device based on a superconducting quantum circuit. The central element of the device is a flux qubit made of a superconducting loop containing three Josephson junctions, which can be tuned by magnetic flux. It is connected to three resonators terminated by resistors.

SARS-like Coronaviruses in Horseshoe Bats ( spp.) in Russia, 2020.

We found and genetically described two novel SARS-like coronaviruses in feces and oral swabs of the greater () and the lesser () horseshoe bats in southern regions of Russia. The viruses, named Khosta-1 and Khosta-2, together with related viruses from Bulgaria and Kenya, form a separate phylogenetic lineage. We found evidence of recombination events in the evolutionary history of Khosta-1, which involved the acquisition of the structural proteins S, E, and M, as well as the nonstructural genes ORF3, ORF6, ORF7a, and ORF7b, from a virus that is related to the Kenyan isolate BtKY72.

Indoors audio classification with structure image method for simulating multi-room acoustics.

In this paper, we introduce an extension of the image method for generating room impulse responses in a structure with more than a single confined space, namely, the structure image method (StIM). The proposed method, StIM, can efficiently generate a large number of environmental examples for a structure impulse response, which is required by current deep-learning methods for many tasks, while maintaining low computational complexity. We address the integration of the environment representation, produced by StIM, into the training process, and present a framework for training deep models.

[Bats of the subtropical climate zone of the Krasnodar Territory of Russia as a possible reservoir of zoonotic viral infections].

Emerging and reemerging infections pose a grave global health threat. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated the importance of studying of zoonotic viruses directly in natural foci. For SARS-like coronaviruses, as well as for many other zoonotic pathogens (including hemorrhagic fevers and rabies agents), the main reservoir are horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.

[Peculiarities of the influenza and ARVI viruses circulation during epidemic season 2019-2020 in some regions of Russia].

Introduction: The surveillance of influenza viruses in ARVI structure and study of their properties in epidemic season 2019-2020 in Russian Federation are actual for investigations due to tasks of Global Influenza Strategy initiated by WHO in 2019.

Material And Methods: The data of epidemiological surveillance on influenza- and ARVI-associated morbidity and hospitalization in different age groups of population were analyzed; virological, genetic and statistical methods were used.

Results: Preschool children were involved in epidemic the most.

[Formation of population gene pools of zoonotic viruses, potentially threatening biosafety].

The possible formation of population gene pools of zoonotic viruses with a respiratory route of transmission and a possibility of a pandemic at different stages of biosphere evolution is analyzed. Forming of Poxviruses  (Entomopoxvirinae) gene pool could be the beginning of transformation from Plants to Arthropoda (Carbon - 375 million years ago) with further evolution connected with Rodentia (Pliocene - 75-70 million years ago) and further separation of genera (500-300 thousand years ago), and respiratory transmission (epidemics) between humans (10-2 thousand years BC). Smallpox comeback would be possible.

[Source of the COVID-19 pandemic: ecology and genetics of coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus: Coronaviridae) SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (subgenus Sarbecovirus), and MERS-CoV (subgenus Merbecovirus).].

Since the early 2000s, three novel zooanthroponous coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus) have emerged. The first outbreak of infection (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV virus occurred in the fall of 2002 in China (Guangdong Province). A second outbreak (MERS) associated with the new MERS-CoV virus appeared in Saudi Arabia in autumn 2012.

[Etiology of epidemic outbreaks COVID-19 on Wuhan, Hubei province, Chinese People Republic associated with 2019-nCoV (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, Subgenus Sarbecovirus): lessons of SARS-CoV outbreak.].

Results of analysis of phylogenetic, virological, epidemiological, ecological, clinical data of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China (PRC) in comparison with SARS-2002 and MERS-2012 outbreaks allow to conclude: - the etiological agent of COVID-19 is coronavirus (2019-CoV), phylogenetically close to the SARS-CoV, isolated from human, and SARS-related viruses isolated from bats (SARS-related bat CoV viruses). These viruses belong to the Sarbecovirus subgenus, Betacoronavirus genus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Coronaviridae family (Cornidovirinea: Nidovirales). COVID-19 is a variant of SARS-2002 and is different from MERS-2012 outbreak, which were caused by coronavirus belonged to the subgenus Merbecovirus of the same genus; - according to the results of phylogenetic analysis of 35 different betacoronaviruses, isolated from human and from wild animals in 2002-2019, the natural source of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV (2002) is bats of Rhinolophus genus (Rhinolophidae) and, probably, some species of other genera.

[Evolution of pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009-2016: dynamics of receptor specificity of the first hemagglutinin subunit (HA1).].

Introduction: The new reassortant of the swine flu virus A(H1N1)pdm09, which emerged in 2009, overcame the species barrier and caused the 2009-2010 pandemic. One of the key points required for the influenza virus to overcome the species barrier and adapt it to humans is its specific binding to the receptors on the epithelium of the human respiratory tract.

Purpose: Studying the dynamics of changes in receptor specificity (RS) of the HA1 subunit of the hemagglutinin of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains isolated during the period 2009-2016 on the territory of the Russian Federation, and an analysis of the possible impact of these changes on the incidence rates of the population of the Russian Federation of pandemic influenza in certain epidemic seasons.

[Results of investigation of ticks in Volga river delta (Astrakhan region, 2017) for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Nairoviridae, Orthonairovirus, CCHFV) and other tick-borne arboviruses.].

Introduction: There are natural foci of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) that vectored by Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Volga river delta (Astrakhan region, South of Russia). The circulation of Dhori virus (DHOV) (Thogotovirus: Orthomyxoviridae) has been also shown here. We hypothesized that other tick-borne arboviruses are also likely to circulate in the region.

[Plasmids of archaea as possible ancestors of DNA-containing viruses].

Тhе kingdom Archaea, as well as Bacteria, belongs to the overkingdom Prokaryota. Halophilic archaea (Halorubrum lacusprofundi) isolated from Antarctic saline lakes contain plasmids (pR1SE) that code proteins taking part in the formation of membranes of archaea vesicles. The molecular and biological properties of pR1SE and the peculiarity of its interaction with sensitive cells are considered in this article.

Relaxation of nonequilibrium quasiparticles in mesoscopic size superconductors.

Rapid development of micro- and nanofabrication methods have provoked interest and enabled experimental studies of electronic properties of a vast class of (sub)micrometer-size solid state systems. Mesoscopic-size hybrid structures, containing superconducting elements, have become interesting objects for basic research studies and various applications, ranging from medical and astrophysical sensors to quantum computing. One of the most important aspects of physics, governing the behavior of such systems, is the finite concentration of nonequilibrium quasiparticles, present in a superconductor even well below the temperature of superconducting transition.

DRIFT OF INFLUENA A(H3N2) VIRUS: BIOLOGICAL, ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC PROPERTIES IN EPIDEMIC SEASON 2016-2017 IN RUSSIA AND COUNTRIES OF THE NOTHERN HEMYSPHERE.

The article presents the features of the influenza virus circulation for the period from October 2016 to May 2017 in some territories of Russia collaborating with the D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.

GIANT VIRUSES: ORIGIN, SPREADING, TAXONOMICAL, STRUCTURAL-MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR-BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

The brief review is devoted to description of the discovery of giant viruses belonging to the families of Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae, as well as unassigned genera Pithoviruses, Pandoravirus, and Molliviruses. The review presents issues of their origin, evolution, and molecular-biological characteristics.

Influenza A virus in the Western Arctic.

Small bays of bird bazaars of the Arctic Kola Peninsula (Barents Sea) have been studied. RNA of influenza A virus was found in the surface microlayer (SM) and aerosol samples from the bays located beneath bird colonies. The nucleotide sequencing of the PCR fragments from the SM and the sea aerosol showed their identity for each bay.

Complete Genome Coding Sequences of Artashat, Burana, Caspiy, Chim, Geran, Tamdy, and Uzun-Agach Viruses (: : ).

The bunyaviral monogeneric family currently includes 12 species for 35 distinct viruses. Here, we present the complete genome coding sequences of an additional seven nairoviruses. Five of them can be assigned to established species, whereas two of them (Artashat and Chim viruses) ought to be assigned to two novel species.

Genetic diversity of viruses of Chenuda virus species (Orbivirus, Reoviridae) circulating in Central Asia.

Chenuda virus (CNUV) (Orbivirus, Reoviridae) is the only known orbivirus associated with argas (Argasidae) ticks. Scientific study of this group is necessary for understanding of Orbivirus genus evolution patterns. We conducted a comparative analysis of full genomes of five different viruses of Chenuda virus species, including Baku virus strains (BAKV) circulating in a rather limited area in the Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

Evolution of influ- 245 enza A/H5N1 virus (1996-2016).

Twenty years ago in the South Chinese province of Guangdong the epizooty of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, which has laid the foundation of the largest epizooty in the contemporary history, has flashed. Hemagglutinin of prototype A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) changing many times and generating new genetic subgroups participated in various reassortations; it still exists today. The present review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of HPAI/H5N1evolution for the last twenty years in the territory of Eurasia, Africa and America.

Amino acid polymorphism at residue 222 of the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 from patients 166 with lethal virus pneumonia in 2012-2014.

Survey data from autopsy specimens from patients who died from pneumonia caused by the influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 in 2012-2014 and mutant forms of influenza virus in these patients (position 222 in the receptor-binding region of hemagglutinin) were presented. In total, according to aggregate data, obtained with three different methods (sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS), virus isolation) mutant viruses were detected in 17 (41%) from 41 patients. The proportion of the mutant forms in viral populations ranged from 1% to 69.

Virological, epidemiological, clinic, and molecular genetic features of the influenza epidemic in 2015-2016: prevailing of the influenza A(H1N1)09 pdm virus in Russia and countries of the Northern hemisphere.

This work describes the specific features of the influenza virus circulating in the period from October 2015 to March 2016 in 10 cities of Russia, the basic laboratories of CEEI at the D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology "Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.

[ZOOPATHOGENIC ORTHOBUNIAVIRUSES (ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, BUNYAVIRIDAE)].

This work deals with the systematics and taxonomy of orthobunyaviruses, little-studied dangerous and new iruses Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, Cache Valley diseases, Oropouche fever. The significance of the reassortment mechanism of their origin and diversification is discussed.

[The 2015-2016 epidemic season in Russia and the world: Circulation of influenza viruses, trends in incidence, clinical aspects, and treatment algorithm].

In the 2015-2016 epidemic season, there were dominant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains (over 90%) among the circulating influenza viruses in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere and in Russia. A study of the antigenic properties of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains revealed no differences in those of vaccine virus. Sequencing showed that there were amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin (receptor binding and Sa sites) and in the genes encoding internal proteins (PA, NP, M1, and NS1).