New developmental data for Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from the Yangtze River Delta region of China under different constant temperatures.

Necrophagous beetles are sometimes used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI) in the decay and remains stages of a corpse. Among these, the Dermestidae is one of the most common groups used and therefore has important research and application value. In this study, the developmental events of Dermestes maculatus de Geer, 1774, were recorded at six constant temperatures, and isomorphen diagrams were established.

Emerging functions and therapeutic targets of IL-38 in central nervous system diseases.

Interleukin (IL)-38 is a newly discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family, which binds various receptors (i.e., IL-36R, IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1, and IL-1R1) in the central nervous system (CNS).

Differences in three instars of four carrion nitidulids (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Nitidula and Omosita) revealed using SEM.

The genera Omosita and Nitidula from the family Nitidulidae, are often reported to be associated with rotten animal carcasses. However, morphological descriptions of their larval stages are limited and are usually only from the third instar larvae, which does not provide enough systematic data. In this study, the overall structure of three instar larvae from the four Nitidulidae species was compared using optical microscopy, and the resolution was not satisfactory.

Research Progress and Forensic Application of Human Vascular Finite Element Modeling and Biomechanics.

The finite element method (FEM) is a mathematical method for obtaining approximate solutions to a wide variety of engineering problems. With the development of computer technology, it is gradually applied to the study of biomechanics of human body. The application of the combination of FEM and biomechanics in exploring the relationship between vascular injury and disease, and pathological mechanisms will be a technological innovation for traditional forensic medicine.

Development of Phormia regina at seven constant temperatures for minimum postmortem interval estimation.

Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) can colonize carcasses quickly, and its immature stages are reliable entomological evidence for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMI). There are discrepancies in the developmental data from previous studies on P. regina, and the related PMI indicators need to be refined.

Cognitive control subprocess deficits and compensatory modulation mechanisms in patients with frontal lobe injury revealed by EEG markers: a basic study to guide brain stimulation.

Background: Frontal lobe injury (FLI) is related to cognitive control impairments, but the influences of FLI on the internal subprocesses of cognitive control remain unclear.

Aims: We sought to identify specific biomarkers for long-term dysfunction or compensatory modulation in different cognitive control subprocesses.

Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted.

Application of omics techniques in forensic entomology research.

With the advent of the post-genome era, omics technologies have developed rapidly and are widely used, including in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome research. These omics techniques are often based on comprehensive and systematic analysis of biological samples using high-throughput analysis methods and bioinformatics, to provide new insights into biological phenomena. Currently, omics techniques are gradually being applied to forensic entomology research and are useful in species identification, phylogenetics, screening for developmentally relevant differentially expressed genes, and the interpretation of behavioral characteristics of forensic-related species at the genetic level.

Extended characterization of IL-33/ST2 as a predictor for wound age determination in skin wound tissue samples of humans and mice.

Interleukin (IL)-33, an important inflammatory cytokine, is highly expressed in skin wound tissue and serum of humans and mice, and plays an essential role in the process of skin wound healing (SWH) dependent on the IL-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) pathway. However, whether IL-33 and ST2 themselves, as well as their interaction, can be applied for skin wound age determination in forensic practice remains incompletely characterized. Human skin samples with injured intervals of a few minutes to 24 hours (hs) and mouse skin samples with injured intervals of 1 h to 14 days (ds) were collected.

Ruxolitinib, a promising therapeutic candidate for traumatic brain injury through maintaining the homeostasis of cathepsin B.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Owing to the heterogeneity and complexity of TBI pathogenesis, there is still no specific drug. Our previous studies have proved the neuroprotective effect of Ruxolitinib (Ruxo) on TBI, but further are needed to explore the potent mechanisms and potential translational application.

Melatonin ameliorates neurological deficits through MT2/IL-33/ferritin H signaling-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury.

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability worldwide, there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs and targets. To reveal the complex pathophysiologic mechanisms of TBI, we performed transcriptome analysis of the mouse cerebral cortex and immunohistochemical analysis of human cerebral tissues. The genes Mt1, Mt2, Il33, and Fth1 were upregulated post-TBI and enriched in pathways associated with the inflammatory response, oxidative phosphorylation, and ferroptosis.

TrkB agonist N-acetyl serotonin promotes functional recovery after traumatic brain injury by suppressing ferroptosis via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/Ferritin H pathway.

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is mainly triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. A growing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) deficiency would mediate TBI pathologies. As an agonist of TrkB and an immediate precursor of melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin (NAS) exerts several beneficial effects on TBI, but there is no information regarding the role of NAS in ferroptosis after TBI.

Surface-fill HS-releasing silk fibroin hydrogel for brain repair through the repression of neuronal pyroptosis.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the major cause of disability and mortality worldwide due to the persistent neuroinflammation and neuronal death induced by TBI. Among them, pyroptosis, a specific type of programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by inflammatory signals, plays a significant part in the pathological process after TBI. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and pyroptosis is considered a possible strategy for the treatment of TBI.

Emerging Effects of IL-33 on COVID-19.

Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more than 6 million people have lost their lives worldwide directly or indirectly. Despite intensified efforts to clarify the immunopathology of COVID-19, the key factors and processes that trigger an inflammatory storm and lead to severe clinical outcomes in patients remain unclear. As an inflammatory storm factor, IL-33 is an alarmin cytokine, which plays an important role in cell damage or infection.

Brain-specific loss of Abcg1 disturbs cholesterol metabolism and aggravates pyroptosis and neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury.

Based on accumulating evidence, cholesterol metabolism dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to the pathophysiological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and lead to neurological deficits. As a key transporter of cholesterol that efflux from cells, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family exerts many beneficial effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, there is no study regarding the effects and mechanisms of ABCG1 on TBI.

Implantation of injectable SF hydrogel with sustained hydrogen sulfide delivery reduces neuronal pyroptosis and enhances functional recovery after severe intracerebral hemorrhage.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS), an important endogenous signaling molecule, plays an important neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, there is no ideal delivery material or method involving the sustained and controlled release of HS for clinical application in brain diseases. Silk fibroin (SF)-based hydrogels have become a potentially promising strategy for local, controlled, sustained drug release in the treatment of various disorders.

Silk Fibroin Hydrogels Could Be Therapeutic Biomaterials for Neurological Diseases.

Silk fibroin, a natural macromolecular protein without physiological activity, has been widely used in different fields, such as the regeneration of bones, cartilage, nerves, and other tissues. Due to irrevocable neuronal injury, the treatment and prognosis of neurological diseases need to be investigated. Despite attempts to propel neuroprotective therapeutic approaches, numerous attempts to translate effective therapies for brain disease have been largely unsuccessful.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Covert Attention With Different Degrees of Central Visual Field Defects: An ERP and sLORETA Study.

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of covert attention by simulating different degrees of central visual field defects in healthy subjects.

Methods: An electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while 40 normal-sighted subjects performed a target discrimination task. Target stimuli simulated different defect degrees of the central visual field by artificially central scotomas (5, 10, 20, and 30 degrees of visual angle) masked on the center of black-and-white checkerboards.

Interleukin-13 Affects the Recovery Processes in a Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Stroke with Bilateral Tibial Fracture.

As one form of stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal cerebrovascular disease, which has high morbidity and mortality and lacks effective medical treatment. Increased infiltration of inflammatory cytokines coupled with pyroptotic cell death is involved in the pathophysiological process of ICH. However, little is known about whether concomitant fracture patients have the same progression of inflammation and pyroptosis.

Application of Immunohistochemistry and Special Staining Technique in Forensic Traumatic Pathology Identification.

In forensic traumatic pathology practice, immunohistochemistry and special staining technique play an important role in wound age estimation and complications of traumatic complication identification. They even play an important role in the identification of special cases, such as snakebites and insulin killings. This article reviews the application and value of immunohistochemistry and special staining techniques in forensic traumatic pathology based on the cases of forensic practice reported in literature.

Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potential in Different Parts of Visual Impairment.

Objectives: To study the quantitative and qualitative differences of visual evoked potential (VEP) in monocular visual impairment after different parts of visual pathway injury.

Methods: A total of 91 subjects with monocular visual impairment caused by trauma were selected and divided into intraocular refractive media-injury group (eyeball injury group for short), optic nerve injury group, central nervous system injury and intracranial combined injury group according to the injury cause and anatomical segment. Pattern Reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) P100 peak time and amplitude, Flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP) P2 peak time and amplitude were recorded respectively.

Restraint Stress Delays the Recovery of Neurological Impairments and Exacerbates Brain Damages through Activating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-mediated Neurodegeneration/Autophagy/Apopotosis post Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.

Based on accumulating evidence, patients recovering from mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience increased sensitivity to stressful events. However, few studies have assessed on the effects and pathophysiological mechanisms of stress on TBI. In the current study, using a mouse model of moderate TBI, we investigated whether restraint stress (RS) regulates secondary neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death, which are commonly associated with neurological dysfunctions.

The effect of traumatic brain injury on bone healing from a novel exosome centered perspective in a mice model.

Background: In patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) combined with long bone fracture, the fracture healing is always faster than that of patients with single fracture, which is characterized by more callus growth at the fracture site and even ectopic ossification. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles secreted by cells, which contain cell-specific proteins, miRNAs, and mRNAs.

Methods: In this study, we used exosomes as the entry point to explore the mechanism of brain trauma promoting fracture healing.

Autophagy inhibition facilitates wound closure partially dependent on the YAP/IL-33 signaling in a mouse model of skin wound healing.

Autophagy is a self-phagocytic and highly evolutionarily conserved intracellular lysosomal catabolic system, which plays a vital role in a variety of trauma models, including skin wound healing (SWH). However, the roles and potential mechanisms of autophagy in SWH are still controversial. We firstly investigated the role of autophagy in SWH-induced wound closure rate, inflammatory response, and histopathology, utilizing an inhibitor of autophagy 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and its agonist rapamycin (RAP).